Vol.4, No.9B, 1-4 (2013) Agricultural Sciences
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2013.49B001
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS
The use of natural cold in t he processing and storage
of food in the extreme conditions of Yakutia
A. F. Abramov
The State Scientific Institution, The Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, The Russian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Yakutsk, The Russian Fed eration; yniicx@mail.ru
Received May 2013
ABSTRAC T
The basic directions of development on the use
of natural cold in the processing and storage of
food in the extreme conditions of Yakutia are
discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Natural Cold; Techno log ies ; Patents;
Regulations
1. INTRODUCTION
Justification fo r the use of nat u r al cold in the processing
and storage of foods is discussed. In the Far North, in-
cluding Yakutia, in the past centuries, the local popula-
tion traditionall y widel y used freezing and sto red food by
natural cold. At present, despite the high efficiency of
natural cold in the processing and storage of food in the
Far North, it is rarely used in industrial production tech-
nology, processing and storage of products. The main
reason has been the widespread use of artificial cold.
However, the high cost of electricity, equipment and re-
frigerants requires more in-depth and extensive research
on the d evelo pment of adva nce d techno logie s and e quip-
ment for the preservation and storage of natural cold
food in the extreme conditions of the North.
Expected efficiency:
- Energy savings of 40% - 50% in the period of pro-
cessing and storage as compared to using artificial cold;
- Environmental friendliness of natural cold;
- Minimum weight loss of products;
- The p roducts a re store d in bulk for m wit hout the use
of preservatives;
- High degree of conservation of taste and nutritional
products.
2. THE M AIN SOURCES OF NATURAL
COLD
In Yakutia the main sources of natural cold are: winter
cold, cold of permafrost soils and the cold accumulated
in the glaciers.
Low temperatures in winter in Yakutia are the major
source of cold, sometimes in winter the temperatures
reach to 55˚C - 60˚C. The total duration of the cold
period with temperatures below 25˚C in the Arctic and
North-Eastern areas is 150 - 160 days (from November
to March), in Central Yakutia—150 - 160 days (from
November to March), in Western Yakutia90 days
(from December to February), in South Yakutia60
days (from January to February). Production of frozen
food s usi ng nat ur a l co ld c a n b egin whe n t he ni g ht t e mp er-
ature reaches below 25˚C - 30˚C, (Table 1).
Perma f rost soils. T he entire ter ritory of the republic is
occupied by permafrost, which accumulated a huge stock
of cold. Power of permafrost in the country ranges from
15 m to 500 m or more (Figure 1).
3. BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF USING THE
NATURAL COLD ON THE QUALITY OF
FROZEN PRODUCT
Many scientists and researchers on the meat industry
and bio che mis ts ha ve p ro ved t he b ene fit-phase r apid freez-
ing of meat and fish products at the te mperat ure o f 30˚C
- 40˚C witho ut pr e-coo li ng o f meat a nd fis h. T he y found
that freezing at this temperature the cell structure in these
products is not damaged due to the formation of small
ice crystals, not only in the intercellular spaces, but also
in the c ells the mselves. As a res ult, durin g defrostatio n of
a frozen meat and fish products the losses are minimal,
and they retain the primary structure, lose less juice, kept
pac kaging and nutritional quality of fresh products.
In the F ar Nort h, including Yakutia , autumn and winte r
slaughter of deer, cattle, horses, when the cold tempera-
ture reaches 25˚C - 30˚C, winter ice fishing has been
practiced since ancient times, and in the winter months.
At this temperature, there is a rapid freezing of meat and
fish, equivalent to a single-phase frozen meat and fish
products, where food quality is fully preserved.
According to the results of our studies, the production
of frozen potatoes, vegetables, fruit, meat, dairy and fish
products is practically conserved quality of fresh prod-
A. F. Abramov / Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 1-4
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2
Table 1. Dynamics of air temperature in the Republic of Sakh a (Yakutia).
Months M onthly Avera ged Air T e mper ature, t ˚C
in the Arctic and North-Eastern Areas in Centr al Yakutia in Wes ter n Ya kut ia in So ut h Ya k ut ia
I 41.6 47 .1 32 .5 31 .4
II 38.7 41 .7 31 .0 29 .4
III 33 .2 29 .8 15 .0 13 .1
IV 22 .6 14 .8 10 .7 5.1
V 6.6 2 .1 +5 .1 + 5 .5
VI +5.6 +10 .1 + 14 .1 +13 .0
VII +8 .8 + 13 .6 +1 8.1 +16 .7
VIII +5 .4 + 11 .2 +11.5 +15 .0
IX 0 .6 0 .5 + 9.9 +10 .8
X 14.1 18 .8 8.5 3 .1
XI 30.2 42 .5 18 .5 15 .1
XII 49 .5 49 .5 29 .9 22.5
Figure 1. Map of permafrost.
A. F. Abramov / Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 1-4
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3
ucts in the process of rapid freezing. Major cha nges have
occurred in the process of further storage, depending on
the terms and conditions of storage of frozen products.
Originality and competition of research are protected
by the following patents of the Russian Federation and
regulations:
The list of technical conditions and received patents by RF for inventions on the use of natural cold for processing and storage.
Description of w o rk s Output data Authors
Patents
Preservation method of
mares milk with cold 2272415 Russian Federation: А23С 3/04/applicant and patentee The Yakut Scientific Research
Ins titute of Agricul ture - №2004110469/13; stated 06.04.2004; published 27.03.2006, bulletin № 9. Abramov A.F .
Pavlova A.I .
Refrigerator with cold outside
air for the Far North regions
2285391 Russian Federation: А01J 9/04, J25D 1/00, F25D 3/00/applicant and p atentee The Yakut
Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture - № 2004137065/12; stated 17.12.2004; published
20.10.2006, bulletin № 29.
Abramov A.F .
Zverev S.S.
Winter cold fridge-bat ter y 22015 65 Russia n F ede r ation/app l icant and patentee The Yakut Scienti fic Research Instit ute of
Agriculture - № 2000127365; stated 21.10.00; published 27.03.2003
Abramov A.F .
Buslaev I.G.
Zverev S.S.
Winter cold fridge-bat ter y 2344251 Russian Federation: Е04Н 5/10 (2006.01), F25D (2006/01)/applicant and patentee The
Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture - № 2007106303/03; stated 19.02.07; published
20.01.09, bulletin № 2.
Abramov A.F .
Buslaev I.G.
Zverev S.S.
Method for processing
pot ato es 2170516 Russian Federation: 7 А 23 В 7/04, А 23 N 7/02/applicant and patentee T he Yakut Scientific
Rese a r ch Institute of Agricultur e - № 98107504/13; stated 21.04.98; published 20.07.01, bulletin № 20.
Abramov A.F .
Korobitzyn R.I.
Met hod of freezi ng potatoes
and vegetabl es 21 5380 7 Rus sia n F ederatio n /app l icant and patentee The Yakut Scienti fic Research Insti tute of
Agriculture - № 98101959/13; stated 06.02.98; published 10.08.00, bulletin № 22. Abramov A.F .
Korobitzyn R.I.
Qui ck -freezi ng machi ne for
freezing bulk, crushed and
sma l l sized food
223 91 3 4 Rus sia n F ederatio n /applicant and patentee The Yakut Scientific Research I nstitute of
Agriculture - № 2003113997; stated 12.05.03; published 27.11.04. Buslaev I.G.
Abramov A.F .
Meth od of producti on of low
fat butter Yakut hay ah 2266009 Russian Federation: А 23 С 15/16/app l icant and patentee The Yakut Scien tific Research
Ins titute of Agric ulture - № 2003113996/13; stated 12.05.03; published 20.02.05, bulletin № 25. Abramov A.F .
Efimova А.А.
Washing machi ne for small
bat ches of potatoes and
veget ab les
2284136 Russian Federation: А23N 12/02/applicant and patentee The Yakut Scientific Research
Ins titute of Agric ulture - № 2004139169/13; stated 31.12.04; published 27.09.06, bulletin № 27. Buslaev I.G.
Abramov A.F .
Met hod of freezi ng potatoes
with natural cold 2118092 Russian Federation: 6 А 23 В 7/04, А 01 F 25/00/appli cant and patentee The Yakut Scienti fic
Research Institute of Agriculture - № 96111378/13; stated 05.06.96; published 27.08.98, bulletin № 24.
Korobitzyn R.I.
Abramov A.F .
The receiving bin-dryer for
potato 239 5 1 9 2 R us sia n F ederatio n /applicant and p atentee The Yakut Scienti fic Research Insti t ute of
Agriculture - № 2008139724/12; stated 06.10.08; published 27.07.10, bulletin № 21. Sozonov N.К.
Abramov A.F .
Technical condi tio ns
Yaku t hay ah ТУ 9222-006-00670207 -02. Date of implementation 15 of March 2004. Abramov A.F.
Efimova А.А.
National semifinished
products of meat and horse
foals ТУ 921400-001-44075281-00 Date of implementation 28 December 2000. Abramov A.F .
Prokopyeva Т.V.
Frozen fish waste (from
freshwater fish of Yakutia) ТУ 9267-018-00670203 -2007. Date of implemen tation 12.05.20 07. Abramov A.F.
Filip pov G.G.
The potato frozen by the
natural cold ТУ 9166-001-00670203-2002. Date of i mplementation 02.07.2002. Abramov A.F .
Frozen tar ТУ 9222-025-00670203-2010. Dat e of implementation 10.05 .2010. Abramov A.F .
Stepanov К.М.
Eliseyeva L.I.
Frozen mare’s mi l k ТУ 9222-010-00670203-2004. Date of i mplementati on 13.09.2004. Pavlova А.I
Modular setup for freezing
meat and fish, the model:
МУЗ-07-10 ТУ 3644-001-86165785-2010. Date of imp lementation 08.09 .2010. Grigoryev I.N.
Abramov A.F .
A. F. Abramov / Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 1-4
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4
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