Communicatio
n
http://dx.doi.or
g
Copyright © 2
0
L
ABSTRA
C
The motivati
o
(FTTH) netw
o
Baghdad Cit
y
b
een putting
u
tion and num
b
done through
as well as co
s
evaluate the f
e
Keywords:
G
1. Introdu
c
With the dev
e
p
lications, th
e
mand. PON
t
width, good
m
efficiency, h
a
work [1]. Fro
tion Union-
T
(ITU-T) has
GPON syste
m
operating at
2
upstream rate
s
FTTH (Fib
e
loy access n
e
users simulta
n
chitecture, F
T
Line Termina
to end user d
e
center office
t
and then con
t
tomers. For n
e
optic networ
k
nimization,
w
p
ossible. Thi
s
optic cable r
o
components
o
In [3] a mo
tions expens
e
n
s and Networ
k
g
/10.4236/cn.2
0
0
13 SciRes.
L
ink a
n
Imple
m
E
C
T
o
n behind thi
s
o
rk which is
o
y
. Based on th
e
u
nder conside
r
b
er of OLT po
r
evaluation th
e
s
t ratio betwe
e
e
eder network
G
igabit Passiv
e
c
tion
e
lopment of
m
e
re is a massi
v
t
echnology, is
m
anagement f
u
a
s already bee
n
m 2003, the
I
T
elecommunic
a
published G.
9
m
. GPON is a
P
2
.488 Gbps
d
s
[2].
e
r to the Ho
m
e
twork, which
n
eously at hi
g
T
TH networks
l (OLT) usual
e
vices (ONT)
t
o the remote
n
t
inuing by di
ff
e
twork access
,
k
connectivity
w
hile keeping
s
is because o
v
o
ute is usually
o
f the network.
deling of the
c
e
s incurred f
o
k
, 2013, 5, 438-
4
0
13.53B2081 P
u
n
d Cost
m
entat
Dheyaa Ja
s
E
lectrical Engin
e
s
work is the
n
o
ne of the Ir
a
e
detailed stu
d
r
ation through
rts (PON) ha
d
e
total cost of
P
e
n EPON and
cost, distribu
t
e
Optical Net
w
m
any advanced
v
e increase i
n
featured wit
h
u
nction and hi
n
widely use
d
I
nternational
T
a
tion Standar
d
9
84.x standar
d
P
assive Optica
l
d
ownstream a
n
m
e) is a viable
allows servi
n
g
h speed. In t
h
carry signal
fr
ly placed in t
h
by running a
n
ode in the m
i
ff
erent fibers t
,
it is always
d
be the major
a
quality of se
r
v
erall cost of s
e
very high in
r
c
apital invest
m
o
r some oper
a
4
43
u
blished Online
Opti
m
ion thr
o
s
im Kadhim
,
e
ering Departm
e
h
Rece
i
n
eed for perf
o
a
q Telecomm
u
d
y of this proj
e
a mathematic
a
d
been studied
a
P
ON system a
n
GPON is ev
a
t
ion network c
o
w
ork (GPON);
F
multimedia a
p
n
bandwidth d
h
flexible ban
d
gh transmissi
o
d
in access n
e
T
elecommunic
a
d
ization Sect
o
d
to define t
h
l
Networ
k
(PO
n
d 1.244 Gb
p
solution to de
p
n
g multiple e
n
h
e common
a
fr
om the Optic
h
e center offi
c
fiber from t
h
i
ddle of the w
a
o different c
u
d
esired that fib
a
rea of cost
m
r
vice as high
a
e
tting up a fib
r
elation to oth
m
ents and oper
a
tor cases, a
n
September 201
3
m
ization
o
ugh
G
,
Nahla Abd
u
e
nt, University
o
h
c
i
ve
d
May 2013
o
rmance anal
y
u
nication Post
e
ct, the design
,
a
l model sim
u
and evaluated
n
d who it affe
c
a
luated. Then
G
o
st, and total
n
F
iber to the H
o
p
-
e-
d
-
o
n
et
-
a-
o
r
h
e
N)
p
s
p
-
n
d
a
r-
al
c
e,
h
is
a
y
u
s-
er
m
i-
a
s
er
er
a-
n
d
identif
i
ics co
v
hensiv
e
includ
e
and la
b
p
rogra
m
networ
k
versity
In t
h
mentat
i
p
erfor
m
evaluat
i
as a fu
n
throug
h
it affec
as wel
l
luated.
lyze e
n
networ
k
The
2 will
i
p
ology
p
erfor
m
numeri
be ma
d
2. Op
t
Iraq T
e
3
(http://www.s
c
of FT
T
G
PON
T
u
lrahman
H
o
f Baghdad, Ba
g
c
o
m
y
sis of Al-Ge
h
and Compan
y
,
implementat
i
u
lated and per
f
as a function
o
c
ted with the
n
G
PON syste
m
n
etwork cost.
o
me (FTTH)
N
i
es the key pa
r
v
ering these
m
e
cost modeli
n
e
s outside pla
n
b
or with enha
n
m
ming in gen
k
problem of
c
is found in [5
]
h
is work, we
w
i
on of Al-Ge
h
m
ance analysi
s
i
ng link utiliz
a
n
ction of cyc
l
h
evaluation t
h
ted with the
n
l
as cost ratio
Then GPON
n
d evaluate t
h
k
cost, and tot
a
res
t
of this p
a
i
llustrate the
p
network wil
l
m
ance analysi
s
cal results are
d
e in Section 6
t
ical Netw
o
e
lecommunica
t
c
irp.org/journal
/
T
H Net
w
T
echnol
o
H
ussain
g
hdad, Ira
q
h
ad/Baghdad
“
y
(ITPC) FT
T
i
on, an
d
analy
s
f
ormance eval
u
o
f cycle time.
n
umber of ON
U
m
has been op
t
N
etwor
k
; OL
T
r
ameters that i
m
m
ajor technolo
g
n
g of FTTH
n
, head end, a
n
n
ced reach a
n
erating a mo
d
c
onnecting b
u
]
.
w
ill introduce
h
ad/Baghdad
F
s
of this netw
o
a
tion and num
b
l
e time. Cost
o
h
e total cost o
f
n
umber of ON
U
between EP
O
system has b
h
e feeder net
w
a
l network co
s
a
per is structu
r
p
roject infor
m
l
be explaine
d
s
is illustrated
shown in Sec
t
.
o
rk Modeli
n
t
ion and Post
/
cn)
w
ork
o
gy
“
Fiber To Th
e
T
H projects in
s
is of this net
w
u
ated. The lin
k
Cost optimiz
a
U
s (i.e. splitti
n
t
imized to ana
T
and ONU
m
pact FTTH
e
g
ies. In [4] a
was presente
d
n
d premises e
q
n
d split ratio.
d
el to solve t
h
u
ildings across
study, desig
n
F
TTH networ
k
o
rk was done
b
er of OLT po
r
o
ptimization
w
f
PON system
U
s (i.e splitti
n
O
N and GPO
N
een optimize
d
w
ork cost, dis
s
t.
r
ed as follows
;
m
ation, the net
w
d
in Section
3
in Section 4,
w
t
ion 5. Conclu
ng
Company (I
T
CN
e
Home”
2010 in
w
or
k
has
k
utiliza-
a
tion was
n
g ratio),
lyze and
e
cono
m
-
compre-
d
, which
q
uipment
A linear
h
e access
the uni-
n
, imple-
k
, then a
through
r
ts (PON)
w
as done
and who
n
g ratio),
N
is eva-
d
to ana-
tribution
;
Section
w
ork
t
o-
3
and its
w
hile its
sion will
T
PC), fo-

D. J. KADHIM, N. A. HUSSAIN
439
cuses on the users’ requirements and the technology trends,
is constructing the national FTTH network to provide
Voice over IP (VoIP) and High Speed Internet (HSI) ser-
vices to the residential customers. FTTH network in Al-
Gehad consists from two OLTs placed in Al-Gehad ex-
change will be serving 6000 subscribers in total area of
about 32 km. It has been planned to use 6000 ONTs, one
ONT per subscriber. Each OLT will connect to the con-
verged Layer 3 switches and then the routers to ITPC
Passive Distribution Network (PDN) network. The length
of feeder cables is 243 km, and the length of distribution
cables is 405 km, so the total fiber cables length will be
647 km.
After studying the project maps and summarized the
varying building features and application scenarios of the
detail site survey, and based on the requirement of IPTC,
the design will be as follow [6]:
 For general network topology, a ring topology is used
to deploy the FTTH passive network, offer the pro-
tection to Optical Distribution Network (ODN).
 There is 20% of spare capacity in the feeder cables,
from the Central Office up to the Fiber Distribution
Terminal (FDT), to meet the future requirements.
 Feeder section from CO to FDT, 144F optical cable
will be proposed by ring topology and 2:4 first level
splitters will be proposed in FDT cabinet.
 Distribution section from FDT to Fiber Access Ter-
minal (FAT), 72F, 48F, 24F, and 12F optical cable will
be proposed by star topology, 1:16 second level split-
ter will be proposed in FAT, which is closure to wall
mounted FAT product to meet different requirement
and scenarios.
Two topologies are used as shown in Figure 1, ring
topology for feeder cables that are connect the Fiber Dis-
tribution Terminals (FDTs) to the Central Office (CO) by
first level splitting of 2:4, and star topology to connect
several numbers of Fiber Allocation Terminal (FAT) to
each FDT by second level splitting of 1:16.
Figure 1. Network Topology.
OLT will be deployed in each central office and the
quantity will be calculated to satisfy the coverage capac-
ity. Each OLT will connect to the converged Layer 3
switches and then the routers to ITPC PDN network.
BRAS will be installed in the core central offices. BRAS
are full-loaded configuration with the processing capabil-
ity of not less than 115,000 lines. In the normal status,
each BRAS just take the service traffic which belongs to
the corresponding areas. When one is broken, the other
BRAS will take the whole service. AAA is the same with
BRAS. EMS remote redundancy is ensuring the reliabil-
ity.
For FTTH solution the access layer will provide OLT
equipment in exchange; all subscribers will be connected
through Optical Distribution Network (ODN). The pro-
posed connection will be from the OLT to access point
Fiber Access Terminal distribution box (FAT).
As it is obvious from Figure 2 the FTTH system com-
prises the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) on the CO, the
Optical Network Terminal (ONT) on the user side, and
the Optical Distribution Network (ODN). The FTTH con-
struction features the PON technology, which provides
point to point and point to multi-point applications. ODN
provides the physical channels from OLT and ONT to
communicate with each other.
3. Performance Analysis of FTTH Network
Use of passive optical networks is very advantageous in
designing FTTH architectures [7]. If a two main stan-
dards (EPON and GPON), named xPON, are considered,
a series of important optimization problems for the de-
sign, plan, and deployment of FTTH networks and pas-
sive optical networks should be considered since they truly
effect on the network efficiency and performance.
The target is to compare the network cost of an EPON
and GPON system based on the utilization of the optical
link’s transport capacity. The utilization affects directly
the segmentation need in an optical network and this ef-
fect on the total network cost [8].
3.1. Link Utilization
Equation (11) calculates link utilization (υEd) of an EPON
downstream channel.
Figure 2. General F TTH System.

D. J. KADHIM, N. A. HUSSAIN
440
Ed
[** ]
*
E
cE ONUcm
Eo E
cE
ftB Nf
ff
tB
υ
−
+
= (1)
Where
E
f
is the EPON frame payload,
E
o
f
the
EPON frame overhead, it is taken to be 42 bytes,
E
B
the bit rate of an EPON link, it is equal to 1.25 Gbps,
ONU
N the ONUs number in the network segment which
is taken 10,000, cm
f
the length of control message, it is
equal to 88 bytes, and  the cycle time. Utilization (υEU)
of an EPON is given by Equation (2);
Eu
[*(* )]
*
E
cE ONUcmpoE
Eo E
cE
ftB NftB
ff
tB
υ
−+
=+ (2)
Where po
t is the physical layer overhead (i.e. guard
band), it is taken 1.44 µsec. Utilization (υGd) of an GPON
downstream is given by Equation (3);
*
Gd
[* ?]
*
ONU td Ep
dGGoao
GEMo Epc
dG
N ftB ff
ff t
tB
υ

−
+
= (3)
Where GEMo f is the GEM framing overhead for Ether-
net payload which is equal 30 bytes,
E
p
f
is Ethernet
payload, d t is GPON duration of downstream frame, its
equal 125 µsec, G
B the GPON bit rate (1.25 Gbps),
Go
f
(27 bytes) is the GPON downstream frame over-
head, and ao
f
(27 bytes)is the upstream allocation over-
head. Utilization (υGu) of an GPON upstream is given by
(4);
*
Gu
[* ]
*
d
ONU t Ep
d Gploudbru
GEMo Epc
dG
N ftBf f
ff t
tB
υ

−+

+
= (4)
Where plou
f
is the length of physical layer overhead
(include PLOAMu field) it taken 15 bytes, and dbr
f
is
the average number of DBRu fields in an upstream GPON
frame.Since an ONU can send several GEM frames dur-
ing its time slot and only the first of them carries the
PLOu field and all frames carry the DBRu field, dbr
f
is
approximated by:
*G
GEM
cB
plou
ONU
dbru
dbru f
t
f
N
ff+
−
= (5)
Where GEMGEMo EP
f
ff=+
3.2. Network Segmentation
At building a passive optical network, segmentation is
the way to guarantee fair transport capacity per subscrib-
er as shown in Figure 3.
A number of needed network segments are determined
Figure 3. Segmented PON layout [10].
according to the total transport capacity and number of
subscribers. For both EPON and GPON systems, assume
that the total transport capacity of segment Segk is Ck,
line coding efficiency is σ and utilization of the transport
channel capacity is υ, so Bk the total bit rate available for
user in segment Segk is:
Bk = σ υ Ck (6)
The total available bit rate for the segment Segk is the
sum of the traffic of all ONUs connected to it as below:
kk,I
0
Bb
Mk
i=
= (7)
Where Mk represents the number of ONUs connected
to the ith port of the OLT. Thus, the number of required
segments (OLT ports) will be [10]:
Ω β
σC
K N o
r
υ
= (8)
Where Ω is a broadband access (take rate) as (0 ˂ Ω ˂
1), β is the percentage of active subscribers that operate
during a busy hour, N is ONUs number, o r is the aver-
age bandwidth required to support all requested services
on one or all OLT ports, σ is line coding efficiency, υ is
the utilization of the transport channel capacity, and C is
transport capacity.
The number of PONs determines the number of OLTs
required serving a whole region. This enables network
planners to know the cost required for installing, confi-
guring and upgrading GPON resources. Each PON can
serve up to ΩN/K subscribers, which can be expressed as
follows [10]:
Number of subscribers = N
K
Ω = σC
βo r
υ
(9)
This formula indicates that the number of subscribers
supported on a single OLT port (PON) depends mainly
on ro and β.
Each OLT of Al-Gehad FTTH network has 18 ports,
14 are used and the other four ports are left for the possi-
bility of traffic growth.
3.3. Relative Network Cost
The number of network segments is the most important

D. J. KADHIM, N. A. HUSSAIN
441
factor when calculating the cost of EPON and GPON net-
works. The number of segments indicates the difference
between an EPON and GPON networks in the amount of
installing fiber and the number of the needed transceivers
in the network. The relative network cost of an EPON
and GPON is given by [8]:
φσ
σ
G
E
GGC
EEC
υ
υ
= (10)
Where φ = KE/KG, and Setting the parameters (β, Ω, N,
and o r) equal in both approaches, (i.e. EPON and GPON).
4. GPON Capacity and Cost Optimization
Optimization approach aims to optimally allocate the ca-
pacity on GPON access network links on Al-Gehad FTTH
network, which can support current and future traffic de-
mands, while guaranteeing a minimum throughput required
for all class j traffic, min
j
ρ. This approach is expressed in
an optimization problem as follows:
 Cost minimization of the capacity of the links in the
GPON access network. Where
j
α cost per bit with
each link l in the GPON access network, and Cl is the
link capacity.
min
j
jl
α
∈
 C
l
 Capacity constraints of these links, where the total
traffic load generated by all flows sharing a link should
be less than its capacity,
l
H
llj
jC ∈
=≤

 .
Subject to llj
jH C ∈<
, lL∀∈ Throughput per-
formance constraint in a GPON access network, where
the throughput of each class j traffic should be greater
than the minimum required throughput of this class. Where
l
H
denotes the set of flows that share link l.
min ,2,., Z
11j1
jj
=
ρρ
≤∀…，
The throughput constraint can be expressed with re-
spect to the average delay of generated traffic flows as
follows: follows ρj = []
[]
j
j
ES
ET , where Sj represent the vo-
lume of traffic flows. Thus, the throughput performance
can be written as follows:
E[Tj] ≤ min
[]
,1, 2,.,
j
j
N
ES j
ρ
∀…= (11)
Where m
j
in
ρ
j
ρ
≥.
After some algebraic manipulations, the optimal ca-
pacities of both GPON feeder link and distribution links
can be given by [9]:
Cfeeder = N  + ρmin[1+ d
f
N
α
α
] (12)
Cdistribution =  + ρmin[1+ 1
f
d
N
α
α
] (13)
Where N is the number of ONUs, Cfeeder is the feeder
link capacity and Cdistribution is the distribution links ca-
pacity. If we consider that the cost of transmitting traffic
on feeder link is the same as that on a GPON distribution
links, then
f
d
αα =, and for simplicity take 1
fd
αα ==
.
Then, as N →∞, the optimal capacity of the GPON
feeder link and distribution links respectively will be:
Cfeeder = N  + ρmin (14)
Cdistribution =  + ρmin (15)
So, the optimal total cost will be
Cfeeder + N Cdistribution = 2N + (N+1) ρmin (16)
5. Nnumerical Results
The results and discussions included link utilization of
xPON, number of PONs and network cost analysis. Fig-
ure 4 illustrates the utilization as a function of the cycle
time in two cases when the payload size is 46 bytes and
1500 bytes for single and multi-OLT EPON and single
OLT GPON systems. This Figure shows that utilization
is proportional with cycle time (i.e. short cycle time means
less link utilization), with short access. Downstream di-
rection achieves better utilization than the upstream does,
but when cycle time increases the difference will be very
little. Lower utilization obtained with multi-OLT EPON
network, this is because the increasing number of ONUs
since the total bandwidth must be divided among larger
number of ONUs [10]. For this reason, the second level
splitting ratio in Al-Gehad FTTH network is 1:16 only.
Figure 4. EPON and GPON Link Utilization vs. Cycle Time.
00.5 11.5 22.5 33.5 4
0. 2
0. 3
0. 4
0. 5
0. 6
0. 7
0. 8
0. 9
1
cycle time (ms)
Uti l izat ion of t ransport channel
link Utilization
GP ON down/upstream(1500B )
GP ON down/upstream(64B )
E P O N(One OLT) down/ up (1500)
E P ON(One OLT) down/up(46)
EPON(Tow OLTs)

D. J. KADHIM, N. A. HUSSAIN
442
Figure 5 shows that the number of PONs grows li-
nearly with take rate. For the same type of traffic, GPON
needs fewer segments than EPON. Multi-OLT EPON
network requires larger number of segments (PONs) than
single OLT xPON to assure services required to the larg-
er number of subscribers.
Figure 6 illustrates the relationship between cycle time
and cost ratio (φ) for 46 and 1500 bytes payload. For
small payload size and short cycle time, cast ratio is higher,
this refers to that GPON fits better for low volume and
small delay traffic for example voice over IP (VoIP) and
PSTN. For this type of traffic and in upstream direction,
φ is about 1.7. Figure 7 shows the relationship between
the capacity of the GPON link, CFeeder/N, and the number
of ONUs (N) for different amount of minimum through-
put, ρmin. Subscribers are allocated less bandwidth as num-
ber of ONU increases. This is due that the capacity of
GPON link is dimensioned such that Cfeeder equals the
worst-case load (Mℱ). The optimum value of Cfeeder con-
verges around the total capacity required for accommo-
dating general traffic load in addition to ρmin. Figure 8
shows the optimal distribution link capacity required to
guarantee different requirements of throughput, ρmin. Each
ONU can support different applications, therefore distri-
bution links should have sufficient bandwidth such that
the remaining capacity on distribution links, can guaran-
tee the minimum throughput. Figure 9 illustrates the op-
timal total cost of GPON access network for different
throughput requirements. The total costs converge in a
slower manner for high minimum requirements, than when
ρmin is taken to be smaller value.
6. Conclusions
A study of ITPC access network project 2010 in Baghdad
by taking Al-Gehad FTTH network as a study case has
been done. A study of link utilization of channel capacity
Figure 5. Number of PONs vs. Take rate.
Figure 6. EPON-to-GPON Cost Ratio.
Figure 7. GPON Feeder Link Capacity vs. Number of
ONUs.
Figure 8. GPON Distribution Link Capacity vs. Number of
ONUs.
00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70.8 0.91
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Take rate
Number of segm ent s
GPON Up(46B)
GP O N Up(1500B )
E P ON(One OLT)Up(46)
E P ON (One OLT)Up(1500)
E P ON (Two OLTs )Up(1500)
0.5 11.5 22.5 33.5 4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Cycl e ti m e (ms)
Cos t Rat i o
Up (pay load 1500B)
Down (pay l oad 1500B)
Up (pay load 46B)
Down (pay l oad 46B)
020 40 60 80100120140
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Number of ONUs
Dis t ri but ion Cos t (M bps )
Di st ri b uti on Co st
R=20M bps, ?m i n=32M bps
R=20M bps, ?m i n=10M bps
R=20M bps, ?m i n=0.5M bps
020 40 60 80100120140
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Number of ONUs
Distribution Cost (Mbps)
Di st ri b uti on Co st
R=20M bps, ?m i n=32M bps
R=20M bps, ?m i n=10M bps
R=20M bps, ?m i n=0.5M bps

D. J. KADHIM, N. A. HUSSAIN
443
Figure 9. Total Cost of GPON Resources Vs. Number of
ONUs.
in both EPON and GPON has been done and uses that
information to compare the cost of these two systems.
From the numerical results we can say that the GPON
system uses the link capacity more efficiently than
EPON system does. The cost to build an EPON or GPON
system is almost the same, the relative cost is affected
widely by the cost of transceivers. For example, for VoIP
service, the GPON transceiver is about 70% more expen-
sive than EPON transceivers.
In this work we can find that GPON network planners
should take into their considerations the number of de-
manding and basic services that will be supported on
each PON (OLT port) to achieve traffic balancing among
all PONs. Link utilization can be used to calculate the
number of subscribers that can be supported on a single
PON and then can determine the size of population and
services that can be supported on OLT ports.
An optimization problem has been formulated to find
the optimal capacity and cost of GPON access network
links guarantee that a minimum throughput can be en-
sured for supported traffic classes.
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020 40 6080 100 120 140
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45
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55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Number of ONUs
Total Cost (Mbps)
To tal C ost
R= 20M bps, =32M b ps
R= 20M bps, =10M bps
R= 20M bps, =0.5 Mb ps