G. Faria et al. / Open Journal of Stomatology 3 (2013) 323-328 327
nical Periodontology, 32, 147-152.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00650.x
[9] Lessa, F.C., Enoki, C., Ito, I.Y., Faria, G., Matsumoto,
M.A. and Nelson-Filho, P. (2007) In-vivo evaluation of
the bacterial contamination and disinfection of acrylic ba-
seplates of removable orthodontic appliances. American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,
131, 705-707. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.09.042
[10] Sreenivasa n, P.K., Mattai , J., Nabi, N., Xu, T. and Gaffar,
A. (2004) A simple approach to examine early oral mi-
crobial biofilm formation and the effects of treatments.
Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 19, 297-302.
doi:10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00158.x
[11] da Silva, F.C., Kimpara, E.T., Mancini, M.N., Balducci,
I., Jorge, A.O. and Koga-Ito, C.Y. (2008) Effectiveness
of six different disinfectants on removing five microbial
species and effects on the topographic characteristics of
acrylic res in. Journal of Prosthodontics, 17, 627-633.
doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2008.00358.x
[12] Kocak, M.M., Ozcan, S., Kocak, S., Topuz, O. and Erten,
H. (2009) Comparisation of the efficacy of three dif- fer-
ent mouthrinse solutions in decreasing the level of strep-
tococcus mutans in saliva. European Journal of Dentistry,
3, 57-61.
[13] Jurela, A., Repic, D., Pejda, S., Juric, H., Vidakovic, R.,
Matic, I. and Bosnjak, A. (2013) The effect of two dif-
ferent bracket types on the salivary levels of S mutans
and S sobrinus in the early phase of orthodontic treatment.
The Angle Orthodontist, 83, 140-145.
doi:10.2319/030612-187.1
[14] Jordan, C. and LeBlanc, D.J. (2002) Influences of ortho-
dontic appliances on oral populations of mutans strepto-
cocci. Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 17, 65-71.
doi:10.1046/j.0902-0055.2001.00083.x
[15] Denton, G.W. (1991) Chlorhexidine. In: Block, S.S., Ed.,
Disinfction, Sterization, Preservations, 4 Edition, Lea &
Fegiber, Philadelphia, 274-289.
[16] André, R.F., Andrade, I.M., Silva-Lovato, C.H., Paranhos
Hde, F., Pimenta, F.C. and Ito, I.Y. (2011) Prevalence of
mutans streptococci isolated from complete dentures and
their susce ptibility to mouthrin ses. Brazilian Dental Jour-
nal, 22, 62-67.
[17] Azevedo, A., Machado, A.L., Vergani, C.E., Giampaolo,
E.T., Pavarina, A.C. and Magnani, R. (2006) Effect of
disinfectants on the hardness and roughness of reline
acrylic res ins. Journal of Prosthodontics, 15, 235-242.
doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2006.00112.x
[18] Pavarina, A.C., Machado, A.L., Giampaolo, E.T. and
Vergani, C.E. (2003) Effects of chemical disinfectants on
the transverse strength of denture base acrylic resins.
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 30, 1085-1089.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01150.x
[19] Bishara, S.E., Vonwald, L., Zamtua, J. and Damon, P.L.
(1998) Effects of various methods of chlorhexidine appli-
cation on shear bond strength. American Journal of Or-
thodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 114, 150-153.
doi:10.1053/od.1998.v114.a84780
[20] Cacciafesta, V., Sfondrini, M.F., Stifanelli, P., Scribante,
A. and Klersy, C. (2006) Effect of chlorhexidine applica-
tion on shear bond strength of brackets bonded with a
resin-modified glass ionomer. American Journal of Or-
thodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 129, 273-276.
doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.07.050
[21] George, A.M., Kalangi, S.K., Vasudevan, M. and Krish-
naswamy, N.R. (2010) Chlorhexidine varnishes effecti-
vely inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus
mutans—An in vivo study. Journal of Indian Society of
Periodontology, 14, 178-180.
[22] Chamele, J., Bhat, C., Saraf, T., Jadhav, A., Beg, A., Jag-
tap, C., Ubeja, R. and Patil, P. (2012) Efficacy of micro-
waves and chlorhexidine for disinfection of pacifiers and
toothbrushes: An in vitro study. Journal of Contemporary
Dental Practice, 13, 690-694.
[23] Kulak, Y., Arikan, A., Albak, S., Okar, I. and Kazazoglu,
E. (1997) Scanning electron microscopic examination of
different cleaners: Surface contaminant removal from
dentures. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 24, 209-215.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1997.tb00315.x
[24] Ciancio, S.G. (1992)Agents for management of plaque
and gingivitis. Journal of Dental Research, 71, 1450-
1454. doi:10.1177/00220345920710071701
[25] Shklair, I.L. and Keene, H.J. (1974) A biochemical sche-
me for the separation of the five varieties of Streptococ-
cus mutans. Archives of Oral Biology, 19, 1079-1081.
doi:10.1016/0003-9969(74)90099-5
[26] Whittenbury, R. (1964) Hydrogen peroxide formation
and catalase activity in the lactic acid bacteria. Journal of
General Microbiology, 35, 13-26.
doi:10.1099/00221287-35-1-13
[27] Peixoto, I.T., Enoki, C., Ito, I.Y., Matsumoto, M.A. and
Nelson-Filho, P. (2011) Evaluation of home disinfection
protocols for acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic
appliances: A randomized clinical investigation. Ameri-
can Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthope-
dics, 140, 51-57.
[28] Morgan, T.D. and Wilson, M. (2000) Anti-adhesive and
antibacterial properties of a proprietary denture cleanser.
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 89, 617-623.
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01158.x
[29] Lamb, D.J. and Martin, M.V. (1983) An in vitro and in
vivo study of the effect of incorporation of chlorhexidine
into autopolymerizing acrylic resin plates upon the gro wth
of Candida albicans. Biomaterials, 4, 205-209.
doi:10.1016/0142-9612(83)90012-1
[30] Wilson, S.J. and Wilson, H.J. (1993) The release of chlor-
hexidine from modified dental acrylic resin. Journal of
Oral Rehabilitation, 20, 311-319.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1993.tb01613.x
[31] Addy, M. (1981) In vitro studies into the use of denture
base and soft liner materials as carries for drugs in the
mouth. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 8, 131-142.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1981.tb00486.x
[32] Sandham, H.J., Brown, J., Chan, K.H., Phillips, H.I., Bur-
gess, R.C. and Stokl, A.J. (1991) Clinical trial in adults of
an antimicrobial varnish for reducing mutans streptococci.
Journal of Dental Research, 70, 1401-1408.
doi:10.1177/00220345910700110201
[33] Beyth, N., Redlich, M., Harari, D., Friedman, M. and
Steinberg, D. (2003) Effect of sustained-release chlorhe-
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS