Journal of Modern Physics, 2013, 4, 77-84
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.47A1009 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp)
The Light-Dark Dual Universe for the
Big Bang and Dark Energy
Ding-Yu Chung1, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets2
1P.O. Box 180661, Utica, USA
2Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine
Email: dy_chung@yahoo.com, krasnoh@iop.kiev.ua
Received April 3, 2013; revised May 7, 2013; accepted June 9, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Ding-Yu Chung, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Com-
mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work
is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light universe is the observable universe with light and kinetic energy that
fueled the Big Bang, and the dark universe without light and kinetic energy has been observed as dark energy since
about 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The light-dark dual universe started from the zero-energy universe through the
four-stage cyclic transformation. Emerging from the zero-energy universe, the four-stage transformation consists of the
11D (dimensional) positive-negative energy dual membrane universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual string
universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle universe, and the 4D (light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative
energy dual particle asymmetrical universe. The transformation can then be reversed back to the zero-energy universe
through the reverse four-stage transformation. The light universe is an observable four-dimensional universe started
with the inflation and the Big Bang, and the dark universe is a variable dimensional universe from 10D to 4D. The dark
universe could be observed as dark energy only when the dark universe turned into a four-dimensional universe. The
four-stage transformation explains the four force fields in our universe. The theoretical calculated percentages of dark
energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7, and 4.53, respectively, in nearly complete agreement with ob-
served 72.8, 22.7, and 4.56, respectively. According to the calculation, dark energy started in 4.47 billion years ago in
agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago. The zero-energy cyclic universe is based on the space-object
structures.
Keywords: Cosmology; Light Universe; Dark Universe; Dual Universe; Big Bang; Inflation; Zero-Energy; Cyclic
Universe; Dark Energy; Dark Matter; Baryonic Matter; Force Fields
1. Introduction
The Big Bang has kinetic energy, while dark energy does
not have kinetic energy. It is possible that they come
from two different universes. In the proposed dual uni-
verse, the Big Bang comes from the observable “light
universe” with light and kinetic energy, and dark energy
comes from the “dark universe” without light and kinetic
energy. Dark energy did not occur at the time of the Big
Bang. Dark energy emerged after about 9 billion years
following the Big Bang. In other words, the dark uni-
verse was not observable from the light universe for 9
billion years. It is proposed that for about 9 billion years
the dark universe as the higher space-time dimensional
universe was not observable by the light universe as the
four-dimensional universe, because the observation vio-
lated causality [1] as explained later. When the variable
dimensional dark universe from 10D (dimensional) to 4D
turned into four-dimensional space-time after about 9
billion years following the Big Bang, the dark universe
became observable as dark energy.
Therefore, the creation of our universe started with the
formation and the separation of the four-dimensional
light universe with light and kinetic energy and the vari-
able dimensional dark universe from 10D to 4D without
light and kinetic energy. This complicated light-dark dual
universe, obviously, could not emerge by itself without
simple predecessor universes. The ultimate predecessor
universe of the light-dark dual universe before the crea-
tion is the zero-energy universe without form and energy.
In the zero-energy universe hypothesis, the total amount
of energy in the universe is exactly zero. The conven-
tional zero-energy universe hypothesis is based on quan-
tum fluctuation and the exact cancellation of positive-
C
opyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
D.-Y. CHUNG, V. KRASNOHOLOVETS
78
energy matter by negative-energy gravity through pseudo-
tensor [2] or the inflation [3] before the Big Bang. Quan-
tum fluctuation provides a natural explanation for how
that energy may have come out of nothing in the universe.
Throughout the multiverse, from the zero-energy uni-
verse, symmetrical positive-energy and negative-energy
universes spontaneously form and quickly annihilate
each other. A negative universe becomes a negative en-
ergy gravitational field, and a positive energy universe
becomes positive-energy matter as described by Stephen
Hawking in A Brief History of Time [4]: “The positive
energy of the matter is exactly balanced by the negative
energy of the gravitational field. So the universe can start
off with zero energy and still create matter.”
In the proposed zero-energy cyclic universe, the posi-
tive-negative energy dual universe with the zero-sum
energy emerges from zero-energy, and the universe un-
dergoes a cyclic transformation. The negative-energy uni-
verse is not in the form of negative-energy gravity. Sev-
eral cyclic universe models have been proposed [5]. For
our universe, the cyclic transformation is between the
11D universe and the 4D universe. Emerging from the
zero-energy universe, the cyclic transformation from the
11D universe to the 4D universe involves the four-stage
transformation consisting of the 11D positive-negative
energy dual membrane universe, the 10D positive-nega-
tive energy dual string universe, the 10D positive-nega-
tive energy dual particle universe, and the 4D (light)-
variable D (dark) positive-negative energy dual particle
asymmetrical universe as Figure 1.
As explained later, each stage provides the origin of a
force field, so the four-stage transformation provides the
origins for the four force fields, the strong, the gravita-
tional, the electromagnetic, and the weak force fields,
chronologically, for our universe. Our current universe is
the 4D (light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative energy
dual particle asymmetrical universe.
As explained later, all universes with the space-time
dimension number higher than 4 have non-zero vacuum
energies, so before the creation of our universe, the prede-
cessor positive-negative energy dual universes had non-
Figure 1. The zero energy cyclic universe.
zero vacuum energies proportional to the space-time di-
mension numbers, and they had no light. The transition
from the non-zero vacuum energy to the zero vacuum
energy in the light universe constituted the inflation be-
fore the Big Bang, and the introduction of kinetic energy
in the light universe led to the Big Bang.
Baryonic matter and dark matter are in the light uni-
verse, and dark energy comes from the dark universe and
the bulk space between the light and the dark universes.
As shown later, the theoretical calculated percentages of
dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are in
nearly complete agreement with observed values. The
theoretical calculation of the years to start dark energy is
also in agreement with the observed value.
2. The Space-Object Structures
The zero-energy cyclic universe is based on the space-
object structures [1]. Different universes are the different
expressions of the space-object structures.
The space structure [6] consists of attachment space
(denoted as 1) and detachment space (denoted as 0). At-
tachment space attaches to object permanently with zero
speed. Detachment space detaches from the object at the
speed of light. Attachment space relates to rest mass,
while detachment space relates to kinetic energy. Differ-
ent stages of our universe have different space struc-
tures.The transformation between mass (massive particle)
in attachment space and kinetic energy (massless particle)
in detachment space is through the scalar Goldstone
boson.
The object structure consists of 11D membrane (311),
10D string (210), particle (14 to 10), and empty object (04 to
11). Different universes and different stages of a universe
can have different expressions of the object structure.
The transformation among the objects is through the di-
mensional oscillation [1] that involves the oscillation
between high dimensional space-time and low dimen-
sional space-time based on the varying speed of light.
Varying speed of light has been proposed to explain the
horizon problem of cosmology [7,8]. J. D. Barrow [9]
proposes that the time dependent speed of light varies as
some power of the expansion scale factor a in such way
that
0
n
ct ca
0c
, (1)
where 0 and n are constants. The increase of speed
of light is continuous.
In this paper, varying dimension number (VDN) re-
lates to quantized varying speed of light (QVSL), where
the speed of light is invariant in a constant space-time
dimension number, and the speed of light varies with
varying space-time dimension number from 4 to 11.
D4
D,cc
(2)
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
D.-Y. CHUNG, V. KRASNOHOLOVETS 79
where c is the observed speed of light in the 4D space-
time, D is the quantized varying speed of light in
space-time dimension number, D, from 4 to 11, and
c
is the fine structure constant for electromagnetism. Each
dimensional space-time has a specific speed of light.
(Since from the beginning of our observable universe, the
space-time dimension has always been four, there is no
observable varying speed of light in our observable uni-
verse.) The speed of light increases with the increasing
space-time dimension number D.
In special relativity, modified by Equation
(2) is expressed as
2
0
EMc


2D 4
2
c

0
EM (3a)

2d 42
0
M
c
. (3b)
Equation (3a) means that a particle in the D dimen-
sional space-time can have the superluminal speed
D4
c
, which is higher than the observed speed of light
c, and has the rest mass0
M
.

Equation (3b) means that the
same particle in the 4D space-time with the observed
speed of light acquires 2d4
M
0 as the rest mass,
where d = D. D from 4 to 11 in Equation (3a) is the
space-time dimension number defining the varying speed
of light. In Equation (3b), d from 4 to 11 is “mass dimen-
sion number” defining varying mass. For example, for D
= 11, Equation (3a) shows a superluminal particle in
eleven-dimensional space-time, while Equation (3b) shows
that the speed of light of the same particle is the observed
speed of light with the 4D space-time, and the mass di-
mension is eleven. In other words, 11D space-time can
transform into 4D space-time with 11d mass dimension.
11D4d in Equation (3a) becomes 4D11d in Equation (3b)
through QVSL. QVSL in terms of varying space-time
dimension number, D, brings about varying mass in terms
of varying mass dimension number, d. Mass dimension is
also proposed in the Wesson’s Space-Time-Matter (STM)
theory as the matter dimension to account for the extra
space dimensions [10].
The QVSL transformation transforms both space-time
dimension number and mass dimension number. In the
QVSL transformation, the decrease in the speed of light
leads to the decrease in space-time dimension number
and the increase of mass in terms of increasing mass di-
mension number from 4 to 11,
2
DD ,
n
n
cc
2
0,D ,d,
n
nn
(4a)
0,D,d
MM


D,dD, dnn
QVSL
(4b)

111110 110
30 212
(4c)
where D is the space-time dimension number from 4 to
11 and d is the mass dimension number from 4 to 11. For
example, in the QVSL transformation, a particle with
11D4d is transformed to a particle with 4D11d. In terms
of rest mass, 11D space-time has 4d with the lowest rest
mass, and 4D space-time has 11d with the highest rest
mass.
Rest mass decreases with increasing space-time di-
mension number. The decrease in rest mass means the
increase in vacuum energy, so vacuum energy increases
with increasing space-time dimension number. The vac-
uum energy of 4D particle is zero, while 11D membrane
has the Planck vacuum energy. On the other hands, the
vacuum space dimension number of 11D membrane is
zero, while the vacuum space dimension number of 4D
particle is 7.
Since the speed of light for >4D particle is greater than
the speed of light for 4D particle, the observation of >4D
superluminal particles by 4D particles violates casualty.
Thus, >4D particles are hidden particles with respect to
4D particles. Particles with different space-time dimen-
sions are transparent and oblivious to one another, and
separate from one another if possible.
3. Cosmology
The transformation from the 11D universe to the 4D
universe involves the four-stage transformation consisting
of the 11D positive-negative energy dual membrane uni-
verse, the 10D positive-negative energy dual string uni-
verse, the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle uni-
verse, and the 4D-variable D positive-negative energy
dual particle asymmetrical universe which provide the ori-
gins for the strong, the gravitational, the electromagnetic,
and the weak force, respectively.
The multiverse starts with the zero energy universe,
which produces the positive energy 11D membrane uni-
verse and the negative energy 11D membrane universe
denoted as 311 3
11, as proposed by Mongan [11]. The
only force among the membranes is the pre-strong force,
s, as the predecessor of the strong force. It is from the
quantized vibration of the membranes to generate the re-
versible process of the absorption-emission of the parti-
cles among the membranes. The pre-strong force medi-
ates the reversible absorption-emission in the flat space.
The pre-strong force is the same for all membranes, so it
is not defined by positive or negative sign.
In certain regions of the 11D membrane universe, the
local expansion takes place by the transformation from
11D-membrane into 10D-string. The expansion is the re-
sult of the vacuum energy difference between 11D mem-
brane and 10D string. With the emergence of empty ob-
ject (011), 11D membrane transforms into 10D string
warped with virtue particle as pregravity.
ssg
 
s
(5)
where 311 is the 11D membrane, s is the pre-strong force,
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
D.-Y. CHUNG, V. KRASNOHOLOVETS
80
011 is the 11D empty object, 210 is 10D string, 11 is one
dimensional virtue particle as g, pre-gravity. Empty ob-
ject corresponds to the anti-De Sitter bulk space in the
Randall-Sundrum model [12] for gravity. In the same
way, the surrounding object can extend into empty object
by the decomposition of space dimension as described by
Bounias and Krasnoholovets [13], equivalent to the Ran-
dall-Sundrum model. The g is in the bulk space, which is
the warped space (transverse radial space) around 210. As
in the AdS/CFT duality [14] for gravity, the pre-strong
force has 10D dimension, one dimension lower than the
11D membrane, and is the conformal force defined on
the conformal boundary of the bulk space.
Through symmetry, antistrings form 10D antibranes
with anti-pregravity as 210 g, where g is anti-pregrav-
ity.
11 1110
30 2110
12
ssg



10
2
nn
gs


 (6)
Pregravity can be attractive or repulsive to anti-pre-
gravity. If it is attractive, the universe remains homoge-
neous. If it is repulsive, n units of (210)n and n units of
(210)n are separated from each other.


10
2sg (7)
The dual 10D string universe consists of two parallel
universes with opposite energies: 10D strings with posi-
tive energy and 10D antistrings with negative energy.
The two universes are separated by the bulk space, con-
sisting of pregravity and anti-pregravity. There are four
equal regions: positive energy string universe, pregravity
bulk space, anti-pregravity bulk space, and negative en-
ergy antistring universe. Such dual universe separated by
bulk space appears in the ekpyrotic universe model [15].
Through the dimensional oscillation, the 10D dual
universe returns to the 11D dual universe that coalesces
to undergo annihilation and to return to the zero energy
universe. The 10D positive and negative universe can
also coalesce to undergo annihilation and to return to the
zero energy universe. The first path of such coalescence
is the annihilation, resulting in disappearance of the dual
universe and the return to the zero-energy universe.
The second path allows the continuation of the dual
universe in another form without annihilation from the
mixing of positive energy and negative energy. Such dual
universe is possible by the emergence of the pre-charge
force, the predecessor of electromagnetism with positive
and negative charges that provide the new distinction
between string and antistring. The mixing of string and
antistring becomes the mixing of positive charge string
and negative charge antistring instead of positive energy
string and negative energy antistring, resulting in the
preservation of the dual universe with the positive energy
and the negative energy. The process is the charge trans-
formation as F igure 2.
Figure 2. The charge transformation.
During the coalescence for the second path, the posi-
tive energy string and the negative energy antistring in-
tersect at the middle as Figure 2. The combination of one
half of the positive energy and one half of the negative
energy antistring form a new string. As a result, there are
two new strings with the top half and with the bottom
half of Figure 2. The top half is transformed into a new
positive energy string, while the bottom half is trans-
formed into a new negative energy string. The way to
achieve such transformations is through the emergence of
charges in the charge transformation. In the top half of
the figure above, a positive charge (e+) emerges in the
positive energy string, and a negative charge (e) emer-
ges in the negative energy antistring to transform the ne-
gative energy antistring into the positive energy anti-
string, resulting in the positive energy antistring with
negative charge. The new string from the top half in-
cludes the positive energy positive charge string and po-
sitive energy negative charge antistring.
Simultaneously, in the bottom half of the figure above,
a negative charge emerges in the negative energy anti-
string, and a positive charge emerges in the positive en-
ergy string to transform the positive energy string into
the negative energy string, resulting in the negative en-
ergy string with positive charge. The new string from the
bottom half includes the negative energy negative charge
antistring and the negative energy positive charge string.
In the charge transformation, all transformations and the
additions of charges are symmetrical.
At that time, the space (detachment space) for radia-
tion has not appeared in the universe, so the string-anti-
string annihilation does not result in radiation. The string-
antistring annihilation results in the replacement of the
string-antistring as the 10D string-antistring, (210 210) by
the 10D particle-antiparticle (110 1
10). The 10D parti-
cles-antiparticles have the multiple dimensional Kaluza-
Klein structure with variable space dimension number
without the requirement for a fixed space-time dimension
number as 10 for string-antistring. After the mixing, the
dual 10D particle-antiparticle universe separated by pre-
gravity and anti-pregravity appears as below.

10 1010 10
11 11,
nn
see sggsee s



(8)
where s and e are the pre-strong force and the pre-
charged force in the flat space, g is pregravity in the bulk
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
D.-Y. CHUNG, V. KRASNOHOLOVETS 81
space, and 110 110 is the particle-antiparticle.
The dual 10D particle universe consists of two parallel
particle-antiparticle universes with opposite energies and
the bulk space separating the two universes. There are
four equal regions: the positive energy particle-antiparti-
cle universe, the pregravity bulk space, the negative en-
ergy particle-antiparticle universe, and the anti-pregrav-
ity bulk space.
The formation of our current universe follows imme-
diately after the formation of the charged pre-universe
through the asymmetrical dimensional oscillations and
the asymmetrical addition of detachment space, leading
to the asymmetrical dual universe. The asymmetrical di-
mensional oscillation involved the immediate transfor-
mation of the positive-energy universe from 10D to 4D
and the slow stepwise reversible transformation of the
negative-energy universe between 10D and 4D. The re-
sult was the asymmetrical dual universe consisting of the
positive-energy 4D light universe with kinetic energy and
light and the negative-energy oscillating 10D-4D dark
universe without kinetic energy and light. The light uni-
verse contains both attachment space and detachment
space.
The asymmetrical dual universe is manifested as the
asymmetry in the weak interaction in our observable
universe as follows.
44
4to10
LightUniverse and
_
11
DarkUniverse and
sewew s
4to 10
bulk space
bulkspace
11
n
n
g
g
sewe




w s




 
nsformation
1
D,d1
10D4d 9D5d 9D4d8D5d4D5d 4D4d
hidden dark universedark energy
 


d,Fd,Bd,B ,MM
(9)
where s, g, e, and w are the strong force, gravity, elec-
tromagnetism, and weak interaction, respectively for the
observable universe, and where 14 14 and 14 to 10 14 to 10
are 4D particle-antiparticle for the light universe and
variable D particle-antiparticle for the dark universe, re-
spectively.
The dark universe involves the stepwise two-step trans-
formation: the QVSL transformation and the varying
supersymmetry transformation from 10D4d to 4D4d
(The particles in the 10D dual particle universe are
10D4d). The QVSL transformation involves the trans-
formation of space-time dimension, D. The varying su-
persymmetry transformation involves the transformation
of the mass dimension number, d, as follows.
 

QVSL
varying supersymme try
stepwise two-step varying tra
1D,d D1,d
2D,d


(10)
The repetitive stepwise two-step transformation from
10D4d to 4D10d as follows:
In this two-step transformation, the transformation from
10D4d to 9D5d involves the QVSL transformation as in
Equation (4c). Calculated from Equation (4b), the mass
of 9D5d is 1/
2 1372 times of the mass of 10D4d. The
transformation of 9D5d to 9D4d involves the varying
supersymmetry transformation. In the normal super-
symmetry transformation, the repeated application of the
fermion-boson transformation carries over a boson (or
fermion) from one point to the same boson (or fermion)
at another point at the same mass. In the “varying super-
symmetry transformation”, the repeated application of
the fermion-boson transformation carries over a boson
from one point to the boson at another point at different
mass dimension number in the same space-time number.
The repeated varying supersymmetry transformation car-
ries over a boson Bd into a fermion Fd and a fermion Fd to
a boson Bd1, which can be expressed as follows
(11a)
d1,Bd,Fd,F
,MM
(11b)
where Md, B and Md, F are the masses for a boson and a
fermion, respectively, d is the mass dimension number,
and αd,B or αd,F is the fine structure constant that is the
ratio between the masses of a boson and its fermionic
partner. Assuming
’s are the same, it can be expressed
as
2
d,Bd 1,Bd 1
MM

. (11c)
The mass of 9D4d is
2 (1/137)2 times of the mass of
9D5d through the varying supersymmetry transformation.
The transformation from a higher mass dimensional par-
ticle to the adjacent lower mass dimensional particle is the
fractionalization of the higher dimensional particle to the
many lower dimensional particles in such way that the
number of lower dimensional particles becomes

2
2
d1 d137
d
NN N
 (11d)
The fractionalization also applies to D for 10D4d to
9D4d, so
2
D1 D
NN
(11e)
Since the supersymmetry transformation involves trans-
lation, this stepwise varying supersymmetry transforma-
tion leads to a translational fractionalization, resulting in
the cosmic expansion. Afterward, the QVSL transforma-
tion transforms 9D4d into 8D5d with a higher mass. The
two-step transformation repeats until 4D4d, and then
reverses stepwise back to 10D4d.
In the light universe, the dimensional oscillation trans-
forms 10D to 4D immediately. It involves the two-step
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
D.-Y. CHUNG, V. KRASNOHOLOVETS
82
transformation: the QVSL transformation and the slicing
by detachment space. The Big Bang occurred afterward.


10d
ter
4D5d
 

46
slicing by detachmentspace
6
44
4,6
1
1
10d attachment
space
01
1
4d core6 typesof4d units
attachment forcefields
i
ij

quick QVSLtransformation
slicing with detachment space,
10D4d 4D
darkmat
4D9d 4D8d 4D7d 4D6d
b
aryonicmatter (4D4d)cosm
thermal cosmicexpansiont


 

ic radiation
he Big Bang
(12)
This two-step transformation corresponds to the two-
step inflation. In the first step, the quick and immediate
QVSL transformation transforms 10D4d from the 10D
dual particle universe to 4D10d immediately. Calculated
from Equation (4b), the mass of 4D10d is 1/
12 13712
times of the mass of 10D4d, resulting in the first step of
the inflation as the rapid expansion of space from the
high vacuum energy 10D4d to the zero vacuum energy
4D10d.
The first step of the inflation does not involve kinetic
energy. The second step introduces kinetic energy (de-
tachment space) in the slicing of particles for the reduc-
tion of the mass dimension number. Bounias and Kras-
noholovets [16] propose another explanation of the re-
duction of >4 D space-time into 4D space-time by slicing
>4D space-time into infinitely many 4D quantized units
surrounding the 4D core particle. Such slicing of >4D
space-time is like slicing 3-space D object into 2-space D
object in the way stated by Michel Bounias as follows:
“You cannot put a pot into a sheet without changing the
shape of the 2-D sheet into a 3-D dimensional packet.
Only a 2-D slice of the pot could be a part of sheet”.
The slicing is by detachment space, as a part of the
space structure, which consists of attachment space (de-
noted as 1) and detachment space (denoted as 0) as de-
scribed earlier. Attachment space for rest mass attaches
to object permanently with zero speed. Detachment space
for kinetic energy detaches from the object at the speed
of light. The cosmic origin of detachment space is the
cosmic radiation from the particle-antiparticle annihila-
tion that initiates the transformation. The cosmic radia-
tion cannot permanently attach to a space.
The slicing of dimensions is the slicing of mass di-
mensions. 4D10d particle is sliced into six particles:
4D9d, 4D8d, 4D7d, 4D6d, 4D5d, and 4D4d equally by
mass. Baryonic matter is 4D4d, while dark matter con-
sists of the other five types of particles (4D9d, 4D8d,
4D7d, 4D6d, and 4D5d). The mass ratio of dark matter to
baryonic matter is 5 to 1 in agreement with the observa-
tion [17] showing the universe consists of 22.7% dark
matter, 4.56% baryonic matter, and 72.8% dark energy.
Detachment space (0) involves in the slicing of mass
dimensions. Attachment space is denoted as 1. For ex-
ample, the slicing of 4D10d particles into 4D4d particles
is as follows:
(13)
The two products of the slicing are the 4d-core at-
tachment space and 6 types of 4d quantized units. The 4d
core attachment space surrounded by 6 types of many (j)
4D4d quantized units corresponds to the core particle
surrounded by 6 types of many small 4d particles, which
constitute gauge force fields in “dimensional orbitals”
[18]. The dimensional orbitals of baryonic matter provide
the base for the periodic table of elementary particles to
calculate accurately the masses of all 4D elementary par-
ticles, including quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons [18].
As shown in Reference [18], baryonic matter has elec-
tromagnetism (charge), while dark matter does not have
electromagnetism. Without electromagnetism, dark mat-
ter cannot emit light, and is incompatible to baryonic
matter, like the incompatibility between oil and water.
After the creation of the light-dark dual universe, baryonic
matter and dark matter started to separate from each other
gradually. Millions years afterward, stars started to appear
from baryonic matter. The increasing incompatibility be-
tween dark matter and baryonic matter leads to the in-
homogeneity like emulsion, resulting in the formation of
stars, galaxies, clusters, and superclusters [19]. Dark matter
has not been found by direct detection because of the
incompatibility that does not allow the direct contact with
dark matter by baryonic matter.
The second step (the slicing) introduced detachment
space as kinetic energy, and generated baryonic matter,
dark matter, and cosmic radiation. The detailed descrip-
tion of the inflation is described in Reference [19]. The
resulting kinetic energy started the thermal cosmic ex-
pansion as the Big Bang.
The dark universe consists of two periods: the hidden
dark universe and the dark energy universe. The hidden
dark universe composes of the >4D particles. As men-
tioned before, particles with different space-time dimen-
sions are transparent and oblivious to one another, and
separate from one another if possible. Thus, >4D particles
are hidden and separated particles with respect to 4D
particles in the light universe (our observable universe).
The hidden dark universe with D > 4 and the observable
universe with D = 4 are the “parallel universes”.
The 4D particles transformed from hidden >4D parti-
cles in the dark universe are observable dark energy for
the light universe, resulting in the accelerated expanding
universe. Since the dark universe does not have detach-
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
D.-Y. CHUNG, V. KRASNOHOLOVETS
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
83
ment space, the presence of dark energy is not different
from the presence of the cosmological constant. In terms
of quintessence, such dark energy can be considered the
tracking quintessence [20] from the dark universe with the
space-time dimension number as the tracker. Dark energy
emerged about 5 billion years ago (more precisely 4.71 ±
0.98 billion years ago at z = 0.46 ± 0.13) [21]).
The four regions in the light-dark dual universe include
the light universe, the gravity bulk space, the antigravity
bulk space, and the dark universe. Through the symmetry
among the space regions, all regions expand synchronic-
ally and equally (The symmetry is necessary for the ul-
timate reversibility of all cosmic processes). The light
universe is the only region with the four-dimensional
space-time and with kinetic energy from the beginning,
and all other three regions have variable dimensional
space-time without kinetic energy. The light universe
occupies 25% of the total universe, while the other regions
occupy 75% of the total universe, so the maximum dark
energy from the dark universe, the gravity bulk space, and
the antigravity bulk space is 75%. The present observable
universe about reaches the maximum (75%) at the ob-
served 72.8% dark energy [17]. At 72.8% dark energy, the
calculated values for baryonic matter and dark matter
(with the 1:5 ratio) are 4.53% (=(100 – 72.8)/6) and 22.7%
(=4.53 × 5), respectively, in excellent agreement with
observed 4.56% and 22.7%, respectively [17].
Our universe is 13.7 billion-year old. Dark energy as
the transformation from 5D to 4D started in about 4.71 ±
0.98 billion years ago [21]. The ratio of the time periods
for the transformations from D D 1 is proportional
to ln of the total number of particles (Equation (11e)) to
be transformed from D D – 1 for the exponential
growth with time as Table 1.
The period of the 5D 4D is (0.333) (13.7)/((0.333)
(72.8/75) + 0.667) = 4.61 billion years, and dark energy as
the 5D 4D started in (4.61) (72.8/75) = 4.47 billon
years ago that is in agreement with the observed value of
4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago [21].
After the maximally connected universe, 4D dark en-
ergy transforms back to >4D particles that are not ob-
servable. The removal of dark energy in the observable
universe results in the stop of accelerated expansion and
the start of contraction of the observable universe. The
end of dark energy starts another “parallel universe pe-
riod”. Both hidden universe and observable universe con-
tract synchronically and equally. Eventually, the Big Crush
and the two-step deflation occur in the light universe. In
the first step of the deflation, the light universe loses all
detachment space, kinetic energy, light, cosmic radiation,
and force fields as dimensional orbitals, resulting in the
return to 4D10d. In the second step of the deflation, the
increase in vacuum energy allows the zero vacuum en-
ergy 4D10d to become the high vacuum energy 10D4d.
Meanwhile, hidden >4D particles-antiparticles in the hid-
den universe transform into 10D4d particles-antiparticles.
The dual universe can undergo another cycle of the
light-dark dual universe. On the other hand, both uni-
verses can undergo the reverse charge transformation to
become the 10D dual string universe, which in turn can
return to the 11D dual membrane universe that in turn
can return to the zero-energy universe as Figure 3.
4. Summary
The light-dark dual universe is based on the two physical
structures: the space structure and the object structure.
The space structure includes attachment space and de-
tachment space. Relating to rest mass, attachment space
attaches to object permanently with zero speed. Relating
to kinetic energy, detachment space detaches from the
object at the speed of light. The object structure consists
of 11D membrane (311), 10D string (210), particle (14 to 10),
and empty object (04 to 11). The transformation among the
objects is through the dimensional oscillation that in-
volves the oscillation between high dimensional space-
time with high vacuum energy and low dimensional space-
time with low vacuum energy. Our observable universe
with 4D space-time has zero vacuum energy. Different
universes in different developmental stages are the dif-
ferent expressions of the two physical structures.
In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light uni-
verse is the observable universe with light and kinetic
energy that fueled the Big Bang, and the dark universe
without light and kinetic energy has been observed as
dark energy since about 9 billion years after the Big
Bang. The light-dark dual universe started from the zero-
energy universe through the four-stage cyclic transfor-
mation. Emerging from the zero-energy universe, the-
four-stage transformation consists of the 11D (dimen-
Table 1. The percentages of the periods in the dark universe.
10D 9D 9D 8D 8D 7D 7D 6D 6D 5D 5D 4D
Ratio of total numbers of particles 1 α2 α4 α6 α8 α10
Ratio of ln (total number of particles) 0 2α 4α 6α 8α 10α
Ratio of periods 0 1 2 3 4 5
Percentages of periods 0 6.7 13.3 20 26.7 33.3
α is the fine structure constant for electromagnetism from Equation (11e).
D.-Y. CHUNG, V. KRASNOHOLOVETS
84
+10D string universe
+4D
observable
universe
variable>4D
hidden universe
+4D universe with
dark energy as 4D
universe
+4D
observable
universe
variable>4D
hidden un
10D antistring universe
iverse
+10D particle universe
10D particle universe
+ 11D membrane universe 11D antimembrane uni
zero-energy universe
+ = positive energy,
verse
= negative energy
Figure 3. The cyclic cosmology.
sional) positive-negative energy dual membrane universe,
the 10D positive-negative energy dual string universe,
the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle universe,
and the 4D (light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative
energy dual particle asymmetrical universe. The trans-
formation can then be reversed back to the zero-energy
universe through the reverse four-stage transformation.
The light universe is an observable four-dimensional
universe started with the inflation and the Big Bang, and
the dark universe is a variable dimensional universe from
10D to 4D. The dark universe could be observed as dark
energy only when the dark universe turned into a four-
dimensional universe. The four-stage transformation ex-
plains the four force fields in our universe. The theoreti-
cal calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter,
and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7, and 4.53, respectively,
in nearly complete agreement with observed 72.8, 22.7,
and 4.56, respectively. According to the calculation, dark
energy started in 4.47 billion years ago in agreement with
the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years ago.
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