N. Chaitanawisuti et al. / Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 53-56
56
their best survival between temperatures of 20˚C and
30˚C and salinities above 20%. Best growth was ob-
tained between temperatures of 25˚C and 35˚C, with lit-
tle difference being noted among salinities. Survival and
growth coincide best at around 28˚C to 30˚C and 33% to
40%. In addition, many studies also indicated the effect
of high temperature on development and growth of
penaeid species but not for survival [8]. Development
rate from the naupliar stage to the protozoal stage of
Metapenaeus monoceros was best at a salinity level of 35
g·L−1 combined with temperatures of 28˚C and 32˚C and
larval activity was found to be best at 28˚C and 32˚C at
35 g·L−1 and 40 g·L−1, as compared to that at 24˚C in all
salinity levels [4]. Growth of the prawn Macrobrachium
rosenbergii was also increased as temperature increased
from 26˚C to 30˚C then the growth declined at the high-
est temperature (34˚C). Also as salinity increased from 0
to 16 ppt, growth of females decreased at all tempera-
tures tested. It was clearly found that optimum level of
both temperature and salinity for growth, reproduction
and hatching success of M. rosenbergii was 30˚C tem-
perature and 6 ppt salinity [5]. In addition, larvae Panda-
lus jordani were shown to have a wide tolerance to salin-
ity, especially in the early stages, but a relatively narrow
tolerance to temperature. The optimal temperatures for
survival, 8˚C to 11˚C, were also optimal for growth as
reflected by maximal growth increments and body size.
It is therefore felt that fluctuations in temperature as seen
within and between successive larval seasons would have
profound effects on larval survival, growth rates and size
at metamorphosis to the benthic juvenile phase [1].
Temperature also exerted a greater influence than the
salinity on the growth and survival of P. semisulcatus
during the larval development. The range of temperature
in which the larvae showed high survival and growth is
relatively narrow as compared to that of salinity. At all
salinity levels, survival to PL1 (69% - 77%) was higher
at 26˚C as compared to 30˚C (44% - 73%) and 34˚C
(14% - 21%). However, daily growth rate at 30˚C and
34˚C was about 60% higher than at 26˚C. Larval devel-
opment was also 3 - 4 days faster at 30˚C and 34˚C.
Based on the survival and growth results, the best salin-
ity and temperature combination for the culture of P.
semisulcatus were 30 ppt and 30˚C [3]. Jackson and Bur-
ford (2003) found that salinity did not have a significant
effect on growth or survival of P. semisulcatus larvae
above 28‰. At 28‰, both growth rate and survival de-
creased, and there was significantly lower survival at the
higher temperatures (32˚C and 29˚C).
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was partially supported by the Higher Education Re-
search Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand,
Office of the Higher Education Commission (CC1030A) and the Inte-
grated Innovation Academic Center: IIAC Chulalongkorn University
Centenary Academic Development Project (CU56-CC06). The authors
thank Sichang Marine Science Research and Training Station, Aquatic
Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, in particular
Mr. Soontorn Thepmoon for his help and suggestion during the ex-
periments.
REFERENCES
[1] Aktas, M.S. and Nuran, A. (2012) The combined effects
of salinity and temperature on the egg hatching rate,
incubation time, and survival until protozoal stages of
Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) (Decapoda: Penaeidae).
Turkish Journal of Zoology, 36, 249.
[2] Babu, S., Shailender, M., Sarmai, K.P. and Kishor, B.
(2012) Effects of temperature and salinity on growth,
hatching rate and survival of the giant freshwater prawn,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii under captive conditions. In-
ternational Journal of Bioassays, 1, 150-155.
[3] Bett, C. and Vinatea, L. (2009) Combined effect of body
weight, temperature and salinity on shrimp Litopenaeus
vannamei oxygen consumption rate. Brazil Journal of
Oceanography, 57.
[4] Hernandez, M.S., Calos, A., Palacios, A.M, Ruth, C.,
Perez, V., Rosas, C. and Ross, L.G. (2005) The combined
effects of salinity and temperature on the oxygen con-
sumption of juvenile shrimps Litopenaeus stylirostris
(Stimpson, 1874). Aquaculture, 244, 341-348.
doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.023
[5] Jackson, C.J. and Burford, M. (2003) The effects of tem-
perature and salinity on growth and survival of larval
shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda: Penaeoidae).
Journal of Crustacean Biology, 23, 819-826.
doi:10.1651/C-2379
[6] Kumlu, M., Eroldogan, O.T. and Aktas, M. (2000) Effects
of temperature and survival on larval growth, survival
and development of Penaeus semisulcatus. Aquaculture,
188, 167-173. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00330-6
[7] Lemairea, P., Bernarda, E., Martinez-Pazb, J.A. and
Chima, L. (2002) Combined effect of temperature and sa-
linity on osmoregulation of juvenile and subadult Penaeus
stylirostris. Aquaculture, 209, 307-317.
doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00756-6
[8] Palafox, J.P., Palacise, C.A.M. and Ross, L.G. (1997) The
effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and sur-
vival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei,
Boone, 1931. Aquaculture, 157, 107-115.
doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00148-8
[9] Rothlisberg, P.C. (1979) Combined effects of temperature
and salinity on the survival and growth of the larvae of
Pandalus jordani (Decapoda: Pandalidae). Marine Biology,
54, 125-134. doi:10.1007/BF00386591
[10] Zacharia, S. and Kakati, V.S. (2004) Optimal salinity and
temperature for early developmental stages of Penaeus
merguiensis De man. Aquaculture, 232, 373-382.
doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00538-6
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. OPEN ACCESS