Journal of Modern Physics, 2013, 4, 474-480
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.44067 Published Online April 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp)
Generalized BCS Equations and the Iron-Pnictide
Superconductors
Gulshan P. Malik1,2, Israel Chávez3, Manuel de Llano3
1Theory Group, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
2B-208 Sushant Lok I, Haryana, India
3Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
Email: gulshanpmalik@yahoo.com, israelito@ciencias.unam.mx, dellano@unam.mx
Received January 6, 2013; revised February 10, 2013; accepted February 20, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Gulshan P. Malik et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
A detailed quantitative study of the pnictide composite superconductor (CS) Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 is presented in the frame-
work of the recently derived set of generalized BCS equations. Invoking multiple Debye temperatures to take into
account anisotropy of the CS, we address the current experimental data on its Tc and the (not so clear-cut) gap-values
via different theoretical scenarios that attempt to identify the ion species responsible for pairing in it. This is done with
the aid of the Bogoliubov’s restriction on the BCS dimensionless electron-phonon coupling constant. Significantly, our
study sheds light on the gaps which have recently been observed in different iron-pnictide CSs as nodes or line-nodes
on the Fermi surface and have evinced considerable interest.
Keywords: Generalized BCS Equation; Iron-Pnictide Superconductors; Multiple Gaps
1. Introduction
Iron-pnictide superconductors (SCs) [1-4] constitute a
promising new family because its members have rather
high critical temperatures (Tcs); additionally, they readily
allow a variety of chemical substitutions to be made.
These attributes of the family suggest the possibility in
the foreseeable future of fabricating SCs that might meet
specific technological needs. It is therefore imperative to
develop a theoretical understanding of these materials.
To this end, we present in this paper the results of a de-
tailed study, based on the new framework of the general-
ized BCS equations (GBCSEs) [5], concerned with a pro-
minent member of the family, namely Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2
(Ba-As henceforth). We believe that our findings will
help in the current flurry in the field.
This paper is organized as follows. In §2 we summa-
rize the main experimental features of Ba-As. §3 recalls
the salient features of GBCSEs, which are then applied to
this SC in §4 by taking into account different scenarios
allowed by the current experimental situation. §5 sums
up our findings.
2. Salient Experimental Features of Ba-As
The features of Ba-As that concern us here are its Tc and
the values of its multiple gaps. The experimental situa-
tion with regard to the first of these is easily summarized
because the values quoted for it in the literature are more
or less consistent: Tc = 36.5 K [3,6]; 38 K [4,6] and 37 K
[7]. The situation with regard to the gap-values, however,
is not so clear cut.
A broad statement about the T = 0 gap-values in ques-
tion was made by [3] on the basis of angle-resolved pho-
toemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements re-
ported by [8]. The values so quoted are: 6 and 12 MeV.
While reporting a gap at about 6 MeV and the absence of
a gap at about 12 MeV, it was remarked in [6] that this
discrepancy (the absence of the larger gap) may be in-
duced by the difference in the methods adopted for de-
termining the gap/s—a remark borne out by what follows.
Gaps of single Ba-As crystals were determined both via
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy
in [7] and via penetration-depth measurements in [9].
While the latter of these approaches led to the values of
2.5 and 9.0 MeV, the values yielded by the former
method are 3.3 and 7.6 MeV. The situation is further
compounded because: 1) based on specific-heat data,
three gap-values have been reported [10] at 3.6, 8.5 and
9.2 MeV, whereas 2) the recent ARPES experiment [11]
has led to three gaps at 4, 7, and 12 MeV on hole-like
C
opyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
G. P. MALIK ET AL. 475
Fermi surfaces with an additional gap at 9.5 MeV on the
electron-like Fermi surface.
For the application of GBCSEs to Ba-As, one requires,
first of all, its Debye temperature. Then, in the two-gap
scenario, given any two parameters from the set S =
{1(0), 2(0), Tc}, one is enabled to calculate the re-
maining parameter. In the scenario in which Ba-As is
characterized by two gaps, guided by [7], we adopt for it
the set S = {3.05 MeV, 8.3 MeV, Tc = 38 K} as our start-
ing point. Also included in this study is an account of our
findings in the scenario in which Ba-As may be charac-
terized by three gaps different values for which have
been quoted above.
In concluding this summary of the experimental fea-
tures of Ba-As we note that its Debye temperature is an
essential input in this study. This is a parameter rarely
quoted for the class of SCs addressed here. The value
274 K adopted by us is the one quoted in [6]. This will be
further discussed below.
3. Salient Features of GBCSEs
1) They are based on the premise that superconductiv-
ity arises from the formation of Cooper pairs (CPs). CPs
in composite superconductors (CSs), however, are re-
garded as bound via not only one-phonon exchanges, but
also via exchanges of two or more species of phonons:
these lead to GBCSEs [5]. This implies that CPs in a
binary SC, for example, may be bound via two kinds of
“glues” or “springs”—leading to two binding energies
for the CPs and hence to two gaps.
2) They bypass the issue of the underlying mechanism
that brings about pairing. This is so because a two-gap
SC requires the specification of two dimensionless inter-
action parameters 1
c
and 2
c
which occur in three
GBCSEs: two for the gaps and one for the Tc. It is this
feature of GBCSEs that enables one to calculate any one
of the parameters of the set S = {1(0), 2(0), Tc}, given
the other two.
3) They take into account the anisotropy of CSs by
characterizing them via multiple Debye temperatures
(MDTs). These were first introduced by Born and von
Karman in connection with a refinement of the Debye
theory of specific heat by observing that elastic waves in
an anisotropic solid travel with different velocities in
different directions. For a review of this and other similar
work, we refer to the textbook [12]. In the context of
superconductivity, MDTs were resurrected in [13], and
subsequently applied [14,15] to a variety of CSs.
4. GBCSEs Applied to Ba-As
4.1. Two-Gap Scenario
The steps [14] to be followed are:
1) Identify the ion species responsible for pairing in
the CS. For Ba-As we assume that these are the Ba and
the Fe or/and the Ba and As ions.
2) Fix the Debye temperatures of the ions identified in
1) via the following equations meant to take into account
the anisotropy of the CS:

22
1
cc
x
xx

 (1)


12
21 2
1
221 2
1
1
c
c
mmm
mmm


(2)
These are to be applied to both the Ba0.6K0.4 and the
Fe2As2 layers. In (1)
x
is Debye temperature of the
CS; in (2) m1, m2 are the atomic masses of A, B if the
layer is designated as AxBx1. A derivation of (2) is given
in [5] where it is assumed that the modes of vibration of
the two ions in any layer of the SC are simulated by the
modes of vibration of the two bobs of a double pendulum.
Note that the ratio of the Debye temperatures in (2) de-
pends on the relative positions of A and B in the double
pendulum. In principle, therefore, each ion species may
be characterized by two values of the Debye temperature.
The values of c
i
(i = Ba, Fe, As) thus obtained appear
in Table 1, where they are marked from (1) to (6).
3) To determine the values of 1
c
and 2
c
, employ
the following GBCSEs [5] in which W1(0) and W2(0) are
to be identified with 1(0) and 2(0) [14,15], respectively


1
1
1
2
1ln1 0
c
D
c
W


(3)

12
22
12
00
tanh tanh
1d d
cc
cc
TT
cc
xx
x
x
xx






(4)

 
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1ln1 0
2
ln 1,
0
c
D
c
c
D
c
DB
W
k
W








 


c
(5)
where kB is the Boltzmann constant. The λs can be de-
termined with the input of: a) 1(0) and 2(0) into (3) and
(5); b) 1(0) and Tc into (3) and (4); c) Tc and 2(0) into
(4) and (5). One is then enabled to calculate Tc via (4), or
2(0) via (5), or 1(0) via (3).
4) Regardless of how 1,2
are determined, impose on
them the Bogoliubov upper bound on
[16] that each
dimensionless coupling constant be positive definite and
satisfy
1,2 0.5
c
(6)
As will be seen, this criterion is an invaluable guide in
this study.
5) If one follows either approach a) or b) of paragraph
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
G. P. MALIK ET AL.
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
476
Table 1. In the first three columns are given the Debye temperatures (θ) of Ba, Fe and As ions obtained via Equations (1) and
(2) with θ(x) = 274 K [6]. For each pair of Debye temperatures given in column (4), λs given in column (6) are calculated with
the initial input of W2 = 8.3 MeV and Tc = 38 K. Since these λ-values (e.g., 28.61, 25.87 against the pair of Debye tempera-
ture (1, 3)) in each case violate the constraint given in Equation (6), we first vary W2(0) (retaining Tc = 38 K) till λ-values that
satisfy constraint (6) are obtained. This procedure is repeated by varying Tc (retaining W2(0) = 8.3 MeV). Each pair of such
acceptable λ-values leads via Equation (3) to two possible values for the smaller gap, one of which (~102 MeV) seems to be a
signature of the node or line-node reported in [17-19].
Debye Temperatures [K] Ba + Fe scenario Ba + As scenario
Ba [K]
Fe [K]
As [K] Debye
temps used
W2, Tc
[MeV, K]
Ba,
Fe W1(Ba), W1(Fe)
[MeV]
Debye
temps used
W2, Tc
[MeV, K]
Ba,
As W1(Ba), W1(As)
[MeV]
8.3, 38 28.61, 25.87-, - 8.3, 38 34.16, 31.74 -, -
326.21 399.43 375.92 (1, 3) 6.4, 38 0.311, 0.118 2.35, 1.40 × 102(1, 5) 6.4, 38 0.265, 0.164 1.33, 0.144
(1) (3) (5) 8.3, 48 0.303, 0.169 2.15, 0.192 8.3, 48 0.236, 0.236 0.835, 0.958
8.3, 38 1.245, 2.337-, - 8.3, 38 0.684, 1.704 -, -
124.58 172.08 148.57 (1, 4) 7.1, 38 0.028, 0.571 1.25 × 1014, 6.23(1, 6) 7.1, 38 0.151, 0.439 7.49 × 102, 2.92
(2) (4) (6) 8.3, 44 0.136, 0.474 3.60 × 102, 4.10 8.3, 44 0.232, 0.372 0.766, 1.87
8.3, 38 1.257, 0.271-, - 8.3, 38 1.259, 0.279 -, -
(2, 3) 7.5, 38 0.480, 0.146 3.05, 7.31 × 102(2, 5) 7.3, 38 0.476, 0.151 2.99, 8.63 × 102
8.3, 43 0.429, 0.203 2.31, 0.497 8.3, 43 0.423, 0.211 2.23, 0.572
8.3, 38 1.679, 0.753-, - 8.3, 38 2.28, 1.35 -, -
(2, 4) 7.5, 38 0.460, 0.236 2.76, 0.436 (2, 6) 7.6, 38 0.494, 0.228 3.26, 0.327
8.3, 42 0.259, 0.439 0.469, 3.41 8.3, 41 0.390, 0.356 1.79, 1.64
Notes on tables: Atomic masses used in the calculation of Debye temperatures are: 137.33 K (Ba), 39.098 K (K), 74.92 K (As), 55.847 K (Fe). *Entry marked (1)
is obtained when Ba is the upper bob (and K the lower one; c
K
are not given as they are not used as shown) in the double pendulum; the one marked (2) is
obtained with bobs interchanged. *The c
i
in next two columns are to be similarly interpreted. *Note, however, that a pair of c
i
s that satisfies Equation (1) is
(3) and (6), not (3) and (5).
3), then, while invoking (3), a guess is required about the
ion species (Ba, or Fe, or As) that is responsible for
W1(0). This issue is circumvented in approach c), which
is also the approach one must follow if Δ1(0) is the pa-
rameter known with the least accuracy—as is generally
the case. Therefore, we first give below an account of
approach c).
6) Let the Ba and Fe ion species be invoked to deter-
mine the two λs via (4) and (5). Note that one cannot
assume that Fe As

cc
x


then one is also led to the identification of the ion species
considera-
tio
Ba Fe
Now if Tc is accurately known, then vy the value of
W
Ba Ba
because it causes the char-
acteristic determinant of the equations to vanish whence
the λ’s become indeterminate. The combinations of
s
(Table 1) that we need to consider are: (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3)
and (2, 4). Further, we require as input the values of Tc
and W2(0); guided by [7], we adopt Tc = 38 K and W2 =
8.3 MeV to solve for the λs. We remark that if among the
four pairs of λ values that are thus obtained there is a pair
that automatically satisfies constraint (6), then (3) en-
ables one to straightaway calculate two possible values
for W1(0), one for each λ together with the associated
.
If one or both of these are in accord with experiment,
responsible for it. This will happen only if the input val-
ues for the Tc and W2(0) are accurately known. Generally,
the latter of these is known with greater uncertainty, an
uncertainty that GBCSEs can help to resolve.
7) Returning to the Ba + Fe scenario under
n, among the four pairs of λ values that are obtained
(Table 1), the pair corresponding to Debye temperatures
(1, 3) is in gross disagreement with criterion (6). Of the
remaining three, all of which also violate (6), let us first
consider the one that is closest to satisfying it:
1.257, 0.271
cc

.
ar
2(0) gradually till both the λs satisfy (6). Once this is
achieved, calculate 1(0) via (3)—with

,
cc
and
Fe Fe
,
cc
. Following this procedure we findW2 =
leads to WBa = 3.05 MeV (the experimental
value is 1(0) = 3.6(0.5) MeV [7] and W2(0)Fe = 0.04
MeV—via λs given in Table 1. Pertinent questions at
this point are: why stop after a pair of λ values satisfying
constraint (6) is found? Why not seek to find even lower
that
7.3 MeV
λ values? One can do so, of course. However, this leads
G. P. MALIK ET AL. 477
one farther away from the starting point of W2(0) = 8.3
MeV. If W2(0) is believed to be accurately known, then
apply the same procedure by varying Tc. In this case Tc
has to be increased in order to obtain the λs that satisfy
constraint (6). Thus, Tc = 43 K yields Ba 0.4 29
c
,
Fe 0.203
c
, which lead to 1(0)Ba = 2.31 MeV, 1(0)Fe =
0.5 MeV. Also given in Table 1 are the results of a sim-
for all the other pairs of λ values not only in
the Ba + Fe scenario, but also in the Ba + As scenario.
We are thus led to the results: a) In the Ba + Fe scenario,
the only combination of Debye temperatures that can
account for the experimental features of BaAs is (2, 3)
since this leads to set {3.05 MeV, 7.3 MeV, 38 K}, the
experimental range of the values of the gaps being: 1(0)
= 3.6(0.5) MeV and 2(0) = 8.3(0.9) MeV; b) Similarly,
in the Ba + As scenario the only acceptable combination
of Debye temperatures is (2, 6) which leads to the set
{3.27 MeV, 7.6 MeV, 38 K}; c) In both cases the smaller
gap is due to Ba and the theory has led to it per se; d) It
seems interesting to note that if both the Ba + Fe and the
Ba + As scenarios are invoked for the formation of CPs
then, in principle, one can account for the four gaps that
have recently been reported from an ARPES experiment
[11].
8) We now deal with approach a), paragraph c). As-
sumin
i
lar exercise
g that (0) = 3.6 MeV and 3 MeV [7],
w


1
e seek to calculate the Tc of the CS via (4) “after the λs
are determined via (3) and (5) by invoking both the (Ba,
Fe) and the (Ba, As) pairs. The combinations of Debye
temperatures that we now have to deal with, together
with the results that they lead to, have been given in Ta-
ble 2. This table also provides a guide, should it be
2(0) = 8.
needed, about employing approach b), paragraph c). The
results in this table are not conclusive because of the un-
certainties in both—the input values of Δ1(0) and 2(0).
Nevertheless, it seems significant that the lowest best
result for Tc, i.e. 40.7 K, should have been led to by the
(2, 6) combination of Debye temperatures as was the
case above.
4.2. Three-Gap Scenario
The equality between |W| (which is defined via the rela-
tion 2EF + W for the total energy of a CP where EF is the
Fermi energy) and Δ [5] implies that there must be three
|W|s if there are three gaps. We now take into account
CPs bound via three-phonon exchanges in addition to
those that are bound via one- and two-phonon exchanges.
Equations (3) and (5) are therefore supplemented [14,15]
by




12
12
33
3
3
3
22
1ln1 ln1
00
2
ln10
cc
DD
cc
c
D
c
WW
W


 
 
 
 
 







(7)
Further, (4) now goes over to


12
3
22
12
00
2
3
0
tanh tanh
1d d
tanh
d
cc
cc
cc
TT
cc
T
c
xx
x
x
xx
xx
x




fferent pairs of Debye temperatures given in Table 1, and the
c-values that they lead to via ith the exception of two of these which are only marginally greater than 0.5 (e.g.,
(8)
Table 2. Values of λs calculated via Equations (3) and (5) for di
TEquation (4). W
0.515 in both the Ba + Fe and the Ba + As scenarios), all the λs satisfy constraint (6).
Ba + Fe scenario Ba + As scenario
Debye temps Tc Debye temps Tc λBa, λFe λBa, λAs
(1, 3) 0.355 47.0.355 0.124 47.0.121 9 (1, 5) 8
(1, 4) 0.355 0.177 46 (1, 6) 0.355 0.192 45.5
(2, 3) 0.515 0.153 42.2 (2, 5) 0.515 0.157 42.2
(2, 4) 0.515 0.224 41.1 (2, 6) 0.515 0.242 40.7
(3, 1) 0.333 0.125 48.4 (5, 1) 0.339 0.127 48.2
(3, 2) 0.333 0.201 45.6 (5, 2) 0.339 0.204 45.4
(4, 1) 0.449 0.154 44.1 (6, 1) 0.477 0.159 43.2
(4, 2) 0.449 0.242 42 (6, 2) 0.477 0.256 41.2
Notes os: Atomic mased in the caln of Debye tematures are: 137.a), 39.098 K4.92 K (As), 5 K (Fe). *Entryd (1)
is obtaen Ba is theob (and K r one; c
K
n table
ined wh
sses u
upper b
culatio
the lowe
per33 K (B (K), 75.847 marke
at given as thet used as sh the double; the one (2) is re noy are noown) in pendulummarked
obtained with bobs interchanged. *The c
i
in next two columns are to be similarly interpreted. *Note, however, that a pair of c
i
s that satisfies Equation (1) is
(3) and (6), not (3) and (5).
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
G. P. MALIK ET AL.
478
Scenario 1
Ba + Fe
Scenario 2
Ba + As
Scenario 3
Ba + Fe + A
s
Ba
0.6
K
0.4
Fe
2
As
2
Debye remperature θ = 274 K
W
1
(0) = 3.05 meV
W
2
(0) = 7.3 meV
T
c
= 38 K
W
1
(0) = 2.99 meV
W
2
(0) = 7.3 meV
T
c
= 38 K
W
1
(0) = 3.3 meV
W
2
(0) = 7.7 meV
W
2
(0) = 8.4 meV
T
c
= 38 K
Figure 1. Schematic diagram giving the best-case values for the Tc and the gap-values led to by GBCSEs for Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2
based on its characterization via 2- and 3-gap scenarios.
Thus we have four Equations (3), (5), (7) and (8), in-
olving the three interaction constants c
v1
,c
2
and 3
c
nad which can be determined with the input of any three
quantities from the set {1(0), 2(0), 3(0), Tc}. Since the
greatest uncertainty among these pertains to
30, we
first seek to calculate it by determining the three λs via
(3), (5) and (8). Guided by the findings of Secto 4.1,
we invoke Debye temperature (2), see Table 1, for pairs
bound via one-phonon exchanges, the combination of
Debye temperatures (2, 6) for pairs bound via two-pho-
non exchanges, and the combination (2, 6, 3) in the equa-
tion for Tc.
As our starting point for the inputs, we use the set:
{1(0) = 3.6 MeV, 2(0) = 8.3 MeV, 38 K}. This leads to
va
i n
lues of the three λs as {0.515, 0.243, 0.02}. Since
these values are in conflict with constraint (6), we first
vary 1(0): lowering its value to 3.3 MeV reduces the
first two values to 0.496 and 0.26, but the third value
(0.02) remains unchanged. Keeping 1(0) = 3.3 MeV,
we now reduce the value of 2(0) whence, at 7.6 MeV,
we find 20.227
c
and 5
32.871 10
c
 while 1
c
remains unchanged at 0.496. This set of λs leads to
|3(0)| = 7.6 MeV via (7), which is not surprising because
3
c
is negligible. In a heuristic spirit, if we keep 1(0)
and 2(0) fixed at 3.3 and 7.3 MeV respectively, and in-
crease Tc from 38 to 42 K, |3(0)| attains a value of 8.5
MeV.
As further illustrations of how the GBCSEs may be
can determine the three λs by using these as input into (3),
(5) and (7), and then calculate Tc via (8). Using the (2, 6,
3)
used, we draw attention to the gap values determined via
the specific heat data [10]: 3.6, 8.5, and 9.2 MeV. One
combination of temperatures, the values of λs so found
are: 0.515, 0.232 and 0.021. Since the first of these vio-
lates constraint (6), we need to vary 1(0); changing its
value from 3.6 to 3.3 MeV without changing the values
of 2(0) and 3(0), we find the λ-values to be: 0.496, 0.27
and 0.02. Equation (8) now yields Tc = 44.5 K. We note
that the input of 3.3, 7.7, and 8.4 MeV for the gap values
leads to 0.496, 0.232, and 0.021 for the three λs, which
lead to Tc = 41.4 K. We finally note that, of course, one
can also seek to determine 1(0) or 2(0) with the input
of {2(0) or 1(0), 3(0), Tc}. These lead to results simi-
lar to those already quoted. The best scenarios are illus-
trated in Figure 1.
As just shown, two gaps and the Tc of the iron-pnictide
CS dealt with here are calculated by determining the sets
{
1,
1} and {
2,
2}. The use of both of these in (5)
yields the larger gap, 2, while use of one of these in (3)
yields the smaller gap, 1. Hence the question: what
about the gap yielded by the other set via (3)? Not only
in the present instance (see Table 1) but quite generally,
the value of this gap is much smaller than 1 and often
approaches zero [14,15]. Such gaps show up as nodes or
lines of nodes on the Fermi surface and while for Ba-As
they were reported by, among others [8], and have of late
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JMP
G. P. MALIK ET AL. 479
been studied with avid interest as evidenced by [17-19].
Note also that we found above a value of 2.871 × 105 for
λ3 in the three-gap scenario, which leads to a vanishing
value for gap. Based on [14,15] and the present work, we
conjecture that the almost-vanishing gaps, such as that
for λ3, should be a feature of most (if not all) CSs. We
note that this feature, as also reported in [17-19], appears
to support the scenario in which CPs are formed via more
than one phonon exchanges.
5. Conclusions
1) We first note that if the drop in the property (e.g.,
resistivity) of a CS is sharp, then there is no ambiguity in
defining its Tc. If not, the mid-point of the temperature-
range over which the drop takes place is some
e present study and also earlier
in applying GBCSEs, Tc should be
ta
have been quoted in the literature. Th
ni
ch
NCES
0, No. 11, 2008, pp. 3296-3297.
doi:10.1021/ja800073m
times
work
quoted as the Tc. Th
[14,15] suggests that
ken as the temperature which marks the onset of the
said drop.
2) It was noted that the Debye temperature of the CS
to which GBCSEs are applied is an important parameter.
The value of this parameter used by us is the one quoted
in [6] which need not necessarily be the value character-
izing different samples of Ba-As for which the Tc and the
gap valuese sig-
ficance of the detailed quantitative results presented
here needs to be assessed in light of this limitation.
3) Given the current experimental situation, we have
shown that the GBCSEs can achieve for the iron pnictide
SC Ba-As, which is a CS, what the usual BCS equations
do for simple SCs. Hence they may be of value in the
ongoing work concerned with the other iron-pnictide SCs.
Extension of our approach to deal with CSs that may be
aracterized by four gaps is straightforward. A tangible
treatment for such an SC will, however, require precise
experimental values of its Tc and at least some of its gaps.
6. Acknowledgements
IC acknowledges support from CONACyT (Mexico)
grant 103847, and MdeLl from UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT
(Mexico) grant IN102011.
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