Vol.1, No.2, 62-67 (2010)
doi:10.4236/as.2010.12009
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. Openly accessi ble at http://www.scirp.org/journal/AS/
Agricultural Sciences
Physico-chemical properties, fatty acid and mineral
content of some walnuts (Juglans re g i a L.) types
Mehmet Musa Özcan1*, Cesari İman2, Derya Arslan1
1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Selçuk, Konya, Turkey; *Corresponding Author: mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr
2Food Engineering, Kırşehir, Turkey
Received 12 June 2010; revised 28 June 2010; accepted 13 July 2010.
ABSTRACT
Some physical and chemical properties, mineral
content and fatty acid compositions of kernel
and oils of several walnut types (Büyük Oba,
Kaman-2, Kaman-5) were determined. The oil
yields from these kernels changed between
61.4% to 72.8%. The crude fibre contents of ker-
nels ranged between 3.77% and 3.80%. In add-
ition, crude protein contents of kernels ranged
between 7.05% and 8.10%. While the peroxide
values of kernel oils change between 3.18 meq/
Kg and 3.53 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged be-
tween 0.35% and 0.56%. The main fatty acids of
walnut kernel oils were oleic, linoleic, linolenic
and palmitic acids. Linoleic acid contents of ker-
nel oils varied between 49.7% and 55.5%. On the
other hand, oleic acid contents ranged between
20.5% and 26.4%. As a result, the present study
showed the walnut kernels of the researched
species of walnut kernels from Turkey are a
potential source of valuable oil which might be
used for edible and other industrial applica-
tions.
Keywords: Walnut; Kernel; Oil; Fatty Acid
Composition; Mineral Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
Walnut (Juglans regia L) a member of Juglandaceae
family is one of the finest nuts of temperate regions. It is
the oldest cultivated fruit in the world and grown spon-
taneously almost all over Turkey. Fifty percent of pro-
duction is consumed on- form and the remainder is mar-
keted [1-3].
Ripe walnuts are mostly eaten as dessert nuts or used
in cakes, desserts and confectionery of all kinds from ice
cream to Baklava. The walnut plant has a high nutria-
tional value and high quality wood. In turkey, walnut has
a special value in Turkish foods and is very common in
traditional Turkish foods [2]. Although walnuts are rich
in fat, a diet supplemented with walnuts had a beneficial
effect on blood lipids, lowering blood cholesterol and
lowering the ratio of serum concentrations of low deroity
lipoprotein: high density lipoprotein by 12% [4,5]. Oil
contents of walnut kerrels can generally vary from 52 to
70 % depending on the cultivar, location grown and irri-
gation rate [2,3,6-8]. Most nuts are rich in manounsatu-
rated fat (oleic acid) while walnuts are also high in two
polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and α-lino-
lenic acids. The major fatty acids found in walnut oil are
oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids [3,5,8]. The fatty acid
profile of walnut oil varies between cultivars. It is im-
portant to a identify these differences in locally grown
cultivars and to identify which fatty acids give the best
nutritional qualities [8,9]. Some fruit seeds such as
cherry, apricot, citrus and apple can be used as sources
of oils. Some seed oils are already used for several pur-
poses: blending with highly saturated edible oils to pro-
vide new oils with modified nutritional values as ingre-
dients in paint and varnish formulations, surface coatings
and oleo-chemicals, and as oils for cosmetic purposes
[10].
The aim of this study was to determine their physical
and chemical properties, mineral contents and fatty acid
composition of some walnut types collected from Kırşe-
hir province in Turkey.
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1. Material
The kernels of some walnut cultivars (Büyük Oba, Ka-
man-2, Kaman-5) were obtained by hand processing
from walnuts growing in Kırşehir province of Turkey in
August 2008. Kernels were kept in glass jars until
analyses at refrigerator. In all stages of trials, dry and
mature kernels have been used.
M. M. Özcan et al. / Agricultural Sciences 1 (2010) 62-67
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63
2.2. Physical Analyses
Shelled weights of walnuts: It was used 25 unit walnut
for each walnut variety. Each walnut was weighted
separately, and average hulled fruit weights for each one
were found.
Shelled diameters of walnuts: Mean diameter of
each hulled walnut was measured by using electronic
cumpas.
Yields of walnuts: Five walnut were used for yield
analysis of each walnut. Yield was calculated as the per-
centage rate to the shelled walnut fruit of kernel weight.
Determination of dry matter: Air dried and ground
walnut samples were waited in incubator calibrated to
105 for 24 h, and about 10 g samples from each dried
walnut was weighted.
2.3. Chemical Analyses
The some chemical compositions (crude oil, crude pro-
tein, crude fiber, and crude ash, acidity, peroxide value,
refractive index and saponification value) were analyses
according to AOAC [11]. For oil analyses, each samples
was homogenized and subjected to extraction for 6 h
with petroleum ether (boiling range 30-60) in a Sox-
hlet apparatus. The extracted oil was dried over anhy-
drous sodium sulphate and the solvent was removed
under reduced pressure in a rotary film evaporator. Oil
percentages were determined by weight difference. Ash
was determined in a muffle furnace at 900 for 8 h
[11]. The nitrogen content estimated by the Kjeldahl
method and was converted to protein content by using
the conversion factor 6.25.
2.4. Determination of Fatty Acids
Fatty acid composition for walnut kernel samples were
determined using a modified fatty acid methyl ester
method as described by Hışıl [12]. The oil was extracted
three times for 2 g air-dried seed sample by homogeni-
zation with petrolium ether. The oil samples (50-100 mg)
were converted to its fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
The methyl esters esters of the fatty acids (1 µl) were
analysed in a gas chromotography (Shimadzu GC-2010)
equipped with a flame ionising detector (FID), a fused
silica capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; film
thickness 0.20 mikrometere). It was operated under the
following conditions: oven temperature program. 90
for 7 min. Raised to 240 at a rate 5/min and than
kept at 240 for 15 min); injector and detector tem-
peratures, 260 and 260; respectively, carrier gas. ni-
trogen at flow rate of 1.51 ml/min; split ratio 1/50 µl/min.
A Standard fatty acid methyl ester mixture (Sigma
Chemical Co.) was used to identify sample peaks. Com-
mercial mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters were used as
reference data for the relative retention times [13]. Qua-
ntitative analyses of the fatty acids were performed using
the heptadecanoic acid methyl ester as internal standard.
The results are mean values of three replicates.
2.5. Determiation of Mineral Contents
About 0.5 g of dried and walnut kernels were put into
burning cup with 15 ml of pure NHO3. The sample was
incinerated in a MARS 5 microwave oven (CEM corpo-
ration Manufactura) at 200. Distilled deionized water
and ultrahigh-purity commercial acids were used to pre-
pare all reagents, standards and walnut kernel samples.
After digestion treatment, samples were filtrated through
whatman No 42. The filtrates were collected in 50 ml
Erlenmayer flasks and analysed by ICP-AES (Varian).
The mineral contents of the samples were quantified
against standard solutions of known concentrations which
were analysed concurrently [14].
Working conditions of ICP-AES:
Instrument: ICP-AES (Varian-Vista
RF Power: 0.7-1.5 kw (1.2-1.3 kw for Axial)
Plasma gas flow rate (Ar): 10.5-15 L/min. (radial) 15
(axial)
Auxilary gas flow rate (Ar): 1.5
Viewing height: 5-12 mm
Copy and reading time: 1-5 s (max. 60 s)
Copy time: 3 s (max. 100 s)
2.6. Statistical Analyses
Results of the research were analysed for statistical sig-
nificance by analysis of variance [15]. This research was
performed by three duplicates with a replicate.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The physical and chemical properties of some walnut
varieties (Büyük Oba, Kaman-2, Kaman-5) collected from
Kırşehir province in Turkey are given in Table 1. The
weight with hull, diameter, hull weight, kernel weight,
yield, dry matter, crude fibre, crude ash, crude protein,
crude oil, saponification, refraxtive index, acidity, per-
oxide value of walnut kernels were determined. Accord-
ing to variance analyses, important differences were
found between physical properties and their weighs and
kinds as statistical, p < 0.01 level.
The oil yields of kernels varied from 53% (Büyük
Oba and Kaman-5) to 60% (Kaman-2 cv) of the dry
weight. The oil contents of kernels changed among the
varieties to more than about 60% of each. However, be-
cause of economical value of the oil, these kernels could
be used as potential sources of oils. Büyükoba cultivar
had the highest oil (72.87%) content, followed by Ka-
man-5 cv (72.13%) and Kaman-2 cv (61.38%). The
M. M. Özcan et al. / Agricultural Sciences 1 (2010) 62-67
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64
Table 1. Some physical and chemical properties of walnut kernel and oils.
Walnut types
Properties Kaman–5 Büyük Oba Kaman–2
Weight with shelled (g) 12.96 ± 1.00 b 15.74 ± 0.02 a 13.6326 ± 0.03 b
Diameter with shelled (mm) 36.72 ± 1.22 b 41.02 ± 0.98 a 39.79 ± 0.9 a
Shell weight (g) 6.6882 ± 0.01 a 7.7585 ± 0.0005 a 4.3256 ± 0.01 b
Kernel weight (g) 7.815 ± 0.005 8.9289 ± 0.02 6.5872 ± 0.0198
Yield (%) 53 ± 0.4 b 53 ± 2 b 60 ± 2.5 a
Drt matter (%) 99.58667 ± 0.015275 98.58333 ± 1.440498 99.58 ± 0.04359
Crude oil (%) 72.13 ± 4.681047 72.865 ± 8.619632 61.375 ± 10.3450
Peroxide value (meq O2/kg) 3.5294 ± 0.0004 3.1849 ± 0.0999 3.4482 ± 0.0103
Crude fiber (%) 3.90 ± 0.60 3.77 ± 0.32 3.87 ± 0.31
Acidity (%) 0.5628 ± 0.0101 0.35 ± 0.015 0.5575 ± 0.01015
Saponification value 114.60 ± 0.01 a 106.96 ± 0.01 b 102.09 ± 1.00 c
Ash (%) 1.985 ± 0.431335 1.71 ± 0.028284 2.525 ± 1.15259
Crude Proteina (%) 8.10125 ± 0.055225 7.0489 ± 1.099834 7.24155 ± 1.878
Refractive index (nD20) 1.535 ± 0.0005 1.534 ± 0.00005 1.537003 ± 0.0001
aNx6.25
crude fibre contents ranged between 3.77% (Kaman-5 cv)
and 3.90% (Büyükoba). While crude ash contents chan-
ged between 1.99% (Kaman-5 cv) and 2.53% (Kaman-
2), crude proteins of kernels ranged between 7.05 %
(Büyükoba cv) to 8.10% (Kaman-5 cv). In addition,
kernel weights changed between 6.59 g/unit (Kaman-2
and 8.93 g/unit (Büyükoba cv). These results are com-
parable to data previously reported in the literature
[7,16]. Nuts and oils intended to be cooked may require
a low polyunsaturated fatty acid content [17].
Some physical and chemical properties of walnut
kernels and oils are given in Table 1. According to vari-
ance analyses, differences between varieties to saponifi-
cation values were found statistically important at the p
< 0.01 level. While the peroxide values of kernel oils
change between 3.18 (Büyükoba) and 3.53 meq/Kg (Ka-
man-5 cv), acidity values ranged between 0.35% (Büyü-
koba cv) and 0.56% (Kaman-5 and Kaman-2). Refrac-
tive index was determined between 1.534 (Büyükoba)
and 1.537 (Kaman-2 cv). In addition, saponification val-
ues of kernel oils were measured between 102.09 (Ka-
man-2 cv) and 114.60 (Kaman-5 cv). Differences among
the values of walnut varieties can probably be because of
growing conditions, climatic, environmental conditions
and analytic conditions.
Fatty acid compositions of walnut kernel oils are
given in Table 2. Results showed that the oils of all va-
Table 2. Fatty acid composition of walnut oils (%).
Walnut types
Fatty Acids Kaman-5 Büyük Oba Kaman-2
Palmitic
(C16:0) 6.5 6.3 6.3
Stearic
C18:0) 2.6 2.5 2.6
Oleic
(C:18:1) 26.4 22.2 20.5
Linoleic
(C18:2) 49.7 53.6 55.5
Linolenic
(C:18:3) 14.3 14.5 14.8
rieties used in this experiment had higher linoleic and
oleic acid contents. Linoleic acid contents of kernel oils
ranged between 49.7% (Kaman-5 cv) and 55.5% (Ka-
man-2 cv). The proportions of the most abundant fatty
acids (linoleic acid) of the kernel oils varied among dif-
ferent varieties. This proportion was also higher than
that in other fruit seed oils; mahaleb (35.4%), cherry
laurel (53.7%), date pit (49.54%), walnut (13.8-33.0%)
[8,18-20]. Stearic and palmitic acids are the main satu-
rated components in all walnut cultivars. Palmitic acid is
differed in the different walnut cultivars. Its percentage
was found between 6.3% (Kaman-5) and 6.3% (Büyükoba
and Kaman-2). These results are in good agreement with
M. M. Özcan et al. / Agricultural Sciences 1 (2010) 62-67
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65
in fatty acid composition for several walnut kernels
[2,3,5,6-8]. Our results are similar in fatty acid composi-
tion when compared to the values in the literature.
Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid con-
tents of walnut oil were established as 7.22%, 1.07%,
28.51%, 52.46% and 10.50%, respectively [221]. Özkan
and Koyuncu [3] found that the contents of the main
fatty acids of walnut genotypes were 5.24-7.62% palmitic,
2.56-3.67% stearic, 21.18-40.20% oleic, 43.94-60.12%
linoleic and 6.91-11.52% linolenic. Zwarts et al. [8] re-
ported as 6.7-8.2% palmitic, 1.4-2.5% stearic, 13.8-33.0%
oleic, 49.3-62.3% linoleic and 8.0-14.2% linolenic acids.
The oleic acid content of walnut oil was lower than that
of walnut oil reported by Zwarts et al. [8], Özkan and
Koyuncu [3] and Koyuncu and Aşkın [22]. The walnut
fatty acid composition shows high contents of linoleic
acid and linolenic acid which are beneficial to human
health and linoleic acid and especially linoleinic acid
play important roles for human health regarding the
cardio vascular system [3,4,22].
The mineral contents of walnut kernels were deter-
mined by ICP-AES. The mineral compositions of ker-
nels were summarized in Table 3. Mineral elements
were found to vary widely depending on different walnut
cultivar kernels. According to variance analyses, differ-
ences between walnut cultivars to Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg,
Mn, Na and P were found statistically important at p <
0.01 level.
Ca, K, Mg, Na and P contents of all the walnut culti-
var kernels were generally found very high. In addition,
other minerals were determined very low. The levels of
Ca of samples ranged between 2462.3 mg/Kg (Büyükoba
cv) and 2757.9 mg/Kg (Kaman-5 cv), K contents were
determined between 3478.8 mg/Kg (Büyükobacv) and
5476.2 mg/Kg (Kaman-5). While Mg contents are estab-
lished between 4163.4 mg/Kg (Büyükoba cv) and 5488.1
mg/Kg (Kaman-2 cv), P contents of kernels were found
between 2226.2 mg/Kg (Büyükoba cv) and 2604.3
mg/Kg (Kaman-2 cv). Walnut kernels were found to be
rich in some minerals such as Ca (1108.6 mg/kg), K
(4627.6 mg/kg), P (3621.9 mg/kg), Na (44.7 mg/kg) Mn
(46.3 mg/kg and Mg (1089.9 mg/kg) [23]. Çağlarırmak
[2] reported as 280-380 mg/100 g P, 230-340 mg/100 g
K, 81-99 mg/100 g Mg and 67-105.5 mg/100 g Ca in
fresh walnut kernels. Our results were found differences
compared with mineral values reported by Çağlarırmak
[2]. These differencies of cultivars minerals may be due
to growth conditions, varieties, genetic factors, harvest-
ing time, soil properties, geographical variations and
analytical procedures [2,24]. Calcium is the major com-
ponent of bone and assists in teeth development [25].
Other elements which may contribute to biological
processes, but which have not been established as essen-
tial are barium, cadmium [24]. The high quantity of po-
tassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium, together
with the small proportion of sodium plus the content of
Table 3. Mineral contents of walnut kernels (mg/Kg)b.
Walnut types
Minerals Kaman–5 Büyük Oba Kaman–2
B 15.114 ± 1.503b C 11.985 ± 2.001 13.057 ± 1.107 C
Ca 2757.883 ± 10.436 B 2462.315 ± 76.754 D 2637.618 ± 37.460 B
Cr 1.695 ± 0.360 C - - 3.323 ± 2.820 C
Cu 5.676 ± 1.099 C 9.333 ± 0.801 E 5.944 ± 0.325 C
Fe 18.584 ± 1.542 C 17.875 ± 1.252 E 21.815 ± 3.514 C
K 5476.201 ± 663.718 Aa 3478.757 ± 482.96 Ab 5380.995 ± 160.96 Aa
Mg 4375.513 ± 925.221 A 4163.363 ± 368.281 B 5488.101 ± 218.072 A
Mn 21.991 ± 4.977 C 22.201 ± 1.413 E 17.585 ± 0.134 C
Mo - - - - 1.671 ± 0.537 C
Na 617.713 ± 65.545 C 667.416 ± 74.322 D 833.433 ± 26.601 C
Ni 1.651 ± 0.774 C - - 1.915 ± 4.564 C
P 2241.411 ± 653.820 B 2226.221 ± 230.554 C 2604.255 ± 45.318 B
Zn 17.981 ± 0.523 C 20.623 ± 1.185 E 18.353 ± 4.206 C
aDryweight; bmean±standard deviation
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66
the essential elements as iron, manganese, copper, and
zinc and allows the apricot, as well as the almond, to be
considered as an excellent source of bioelements [26].
4. CONCLUSIONS
The accurate quantification of these analyses has very
important applications for the nutrition sciences, because
fatty acids, protein, oil and mineral contents in particular
seed have a very important effect on health. These re-
sults of the experiment presented have shown that apri-
cot cultivars have some distinctive chemical and physic-
cal properties, fatty acid and mineral content profiles.
Kernels in apricot varieties can be good source oil due to
their abundance in the kernels and their high oil content.
Such utilization of apricot fruits processing wastes could
provide extra income and at the same time help mini-
mize a waste disposal problem. The mineral contents of
apricot cultivar kernels collected from Malatya province
of Turkey were established by ICP-AES. The contents of
most minerals such as Ca, K, Mg and P are at adequate
levels. Mineral elements were found to vary widely de-
pending on different apricot kernels. Apricot kernels
were found to be important sources of nutrients and es-
sential elements. In addition, it is apparent that apricot
kernels are good sources of micro and macro minerals,
and consumed as a food ingredient to provide the human
nutrient.
In this study, Kaman walnut varieties have got stan-
dard walnut properties. When these varieties were grown
modified conditions, it was estimated to be having more
quality. While walnuts have about 13.2 g fruit weight, 38
mm diameter with hull, 6.5 g hull weight, 7 g kernel
weight, 55% yield due to physical properties, as a
chemical properties walnut contained 98% dry matter,
65% crude oil, 2% ash, 7.4% crude protein and 3.75%
crude fiber. The oils of walnut varieties are more yel-
lowish-clear. Mean peroxide value, free fatty acidity,
density, saponification value, refractive index values are
3.2 meq/kg, 0.4%, 13.9 g/ml, 107.5, 1.535 nD, respect-
tively. The major fatty acids of walnut oils were estab-
lished as 6.4% palmitic, 2.5% stearic, 23% oleic, 51.5%
linoleic and 14.4% linolenic. The highest minerals were
Ca, Mg, K and P. Walnut is one of important foods need
found in daily diets. High polyunsaturated fatty acid
contents are the most important properties. At the same
time, due to walnut’s nutrition important was thought to
be found between strategic foods in future.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by Selçuk University Scientific Research
Project (S.U.-BAP. Konya-Turkey).
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