B. MOMČILOVIĆ ET AL.
Copyright © 2012 SciRes.
832
lateral neurons of the spine that control the motility (Caldwell
et al., 2008). The muscle immobility of depression opens new
research possibilities for the biological psychiatry. Further stu-
dies are needed to elucidate the role of other bioelements in the
depression and to embrace their entangled gestalt with cellular
osmosis, hormones, and physical activity control. Our results
support the assumption of Caldwell et al. (2008) on diminished
levels of ADH in depressed subjects.
Conclusion
Men accumulate more sodium and potassium in the hair than
women.
Depressed subjects also accumulate more Na and K in the
hair than the control subjects.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) is diminished in
subjects who attempted suicide.
Muscle inactivity/immobility of depression mirrors the mus-
cle waste of weightlessness.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported in part by the Croatian Ministry of
Science, Education, and Sport grant No. 292-0222412-2405
(formerly No. 022-0222412-2405).The generous philanthropic
support of the RCM, Isle of Man, UK to the first author is
greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000). Diagnostic and statis-
tical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV). Washington, DC: Author.
Baumgarten, C. M., & Feher, J. J. (1998). Osmosis and the regulation
of cell volume. In N. Sperelakis (ed.), Cell physiology source book
(2nd ed., pp. 253-292). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Beers, M. H., & Betkow, R. (1999). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis
and Therapy (17th ed.) Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck, 1525-1544.
Berry, C. A. (1973). Weightlessness. In J. F. Parker, & V. R. West, (eds.),
Bioastronautics data book (pp. 349-415). Washington, DC: US Gov-
ernment Printing Office.
Berry, C. A. (1974). The medical legacy of Apollo. Aerospace Medi-
cine, 45, 1046-1957.
Brown, M. (2009), Charter of rights is adopted in the UN, New York
Times. URL.
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big//0618.html
Caldwell, H. K., Lee, H.-J., Macbeth, A. H., & Young III, W. S. (2008).
Vasopressin: Behavioral roles of an “original” Neuropeptide. Pro-
gress in Neurobiolog, 84, 1-24.
doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.007
Cutler, A. H. (2004). Hair test interpretation: Finding hidden toxicities.
URL. http://www.noamalgam.com/buythebooks.html
De Winter, R. F. P., van Hemert, A. M, DeRijk, R. H. D., Zwinderman,
K. H., Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel, A. C., Wiegant, V. M., & Goekoop,
J. G. (2003). Anxous-retarded depression: Relation with plasma vaso-
pressin and cortisol. Neur opsych opharmacology, 28, 140-147.
doi:10.1038 /sj.np p.130 000 2
Fava, M., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Major depressive disorder. Neuron,
28, 335-341. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00112-4
Glantz, S. A. (2005). Primer of biostatistics (6th ed.). New York: Mc-
Graw Hill.
Glick, S. M., & Kagan, A. (1979). Radioimmunoassay of arginine vaso-
pressin. In B. M. Jaffe, & H. R. Behrmann (Eds.), Methods of hor-
mone radioimmunoassay. New York: Academic Press.
Hordinsky, M. K. (2003). Alopecia. In J. L. Bolognia, J. L. Jorizzo, & R.
P. Rapini (eds.), Dermatologia (pp. 1033-1059). Edinburgh: Mosby.
Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, B. J. (Eds.) (1995). Comprehensive textbook
of Psychiatry (6th ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D. G., & Nelson,
C. B. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Study
Survey: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and recurrence. Journal of
Affective Disorders, 2 9, 85-96. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(93)90026-G
Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2008). The molecular neurobiology of
depression. Nature, 455, 894-902. doi:10.1038/nature07455
Lane, H. W., & Feeback, D. L. (2002). Water and energy dietary re-
quirements and endocrinology of human space flight. Nutrition, 18,
820-828. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00936-X
Leach, C. S., Alfrey, C., Suki, W. N., Leonard, J. I., Rambaut, P. C., &
Inners, L. D. (1996). Regulation of body fluid compartments during
short-term space flight. Journal of Applied P hysio lo gy, 81, 105-116.
Licino, J., & Wong, M.-L. (2005). Biology of depression (Preface).
Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co.
doi:10.1002/9783527619672
McEwens, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and
adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87, 873-
934. doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006
Momčilović, B. (2011). Are two heads better than one even if one is a
cabbage?—Memories and reflections on the project peer review
practices in Croatia. Periodicum biologorum, 113, 21-27.
Momčilović, B., Morović, J., Ivičić, N., & Skalny, A. V. (2006). Hair
and blood multielement profile for metabolic imaging of the major
unipolar depression: Study rationale and design. Trace Elements in
Medicine (Moscow), 7, 33-42.
Momčilović, B, Morović, J, Prejac, J, Skalny, A. V., & Ivičić, N. (2008).
Trace element profile of human depression—The tapestry of patterns.
Trace elements and electro lytes, 25, 187-190.
Momčilović, B., Prejac, J., Brundić, S., Morović, S., Skalny, A. V., Mi-
mica, N., & Drpić, S. (2010). An essay on human and elements, mul-
tielement profiles, and depression. Translational Neuroscience, 1,
322-334. doi:10.2478/v10134-010-0039-2
Momčilović, B., Prejac, J., & Ivičić, N. (2009). A case report on ana-
lytical reproducibility of the human multielement profile. A two
years follow up. Trace Elements in Medicine (Moscow), 10, 33-38.
Momčilović, B., Prejac, J., Momčilović, R., Ivičić, N., Veber, D., & Lyk-
ken, G. I. (2008). On the same element isotope mass number (pleiad)
and the clusters of elements sharing the same mass numbers in the
Periodic system—The “cheshya” (fish skin) model. Trace Elements
in Medicine (Moscow), 9, 5-20.
Shills, M. E., Olsen, J. A., Shika, M., & Ross, A. C. (1999). Modern
nutrition in health and disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wil-
kins, 751-771.
Smylevich, I., & Dougherty, E. R. (2010). Probabilistic Boolean net-
works. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathe-
matics, 227-241. doi:10.1137/1.9780898717631.ch6
Tabony, J., & Job, D. (1992). Gravitational symmetry breaking in mi-
crotubular dissipative structures. Proceedings of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, 89, 6948-6952. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.15.6948
Willson, L. (2010). Nutritional balancing and hair mineral analysis (4th
ed.). URL. http://www.drlwilson.com
Wong, M.-L. (2005). History and epidemiology of depression. In J.
Licino, & M.-L. Wong (eds.), Biology of depression: From novel in-
sights to therapeutics strategies (pp. 653-667). Weinheim: Wiley-
VCH Verlag GmbH and Co.
Wulsin, L. R. (1996). Depressive disorders. In J. L. Jacobson, & A. M.
Jacobson (eds.), Psychiatric secre ts (pp. 74-79). Philadelphia/St Louis:
Hanley and Belfus Inc./Mosby.
Xie, J., & McCobb, D. P. (1998). Control of alternative splicing of
potassium channels by stress hormones. Science, 280, 443-446.
doi:10.1126/science.280.5362.443