International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2012, 3, 377-382
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2012.35071 Published Online September 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ijcm)
1
Effect of Colchicine on Total Antioxidant Capacity,
Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative Stress Markers in
Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Metin Erden1*, Levent Ediz2, Özcan Hız2, Yasin Tuluce3, Halil Ozkol3, Murat Toprak1,
Fahrettin Demirdag4
1Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, District Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey; 2Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation Department, Yuzuncu Yil University Medical Faculty, Van, Turkey; 3Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty,
Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey; 4Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, District Education and Research Hospital,
Elazig, Turke.
Received May 28th, 2012; revised June 30th, 2012; accepted July 15th, 2012
ABSTRACT
Background/Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of colchicine on clinical recovery, as well as oxidative stress
markers and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in whole blood of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and
Methods: Sixty patients with grade 2 - 3 knee OA according to ACR knee OA criteria whom examination of the knee
joint synovial fluid by polarized light microscopy demonstrated CPDD crystals existence were included in the study.
Fifty healthy subjects were included as a control group. Patients were divided randomly into two groups. The first group
(paracetamol group) was given only paracetamol 3 gr daily p.o and the second group (colchicine and paracetamol group)
was given colchicine 1.5 gr and paracetamol 3 gr daily p.o for six months. For outcome measures WOMAC and VAS
were used. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) ezyme activities and Glutathione (GSH) and Malon-
dialdehyde (MDA) levels and TAC all were measured. Results: WOMAC scores were improved in both patient groups
compared with pre-treatment evaluation (p < 0.025). WOMAC morning stiffness scores were significantly more
improved in colchicine group compared with paracetamol group (p > 0.05). TAC was signifcantly increased only in
colchicine/paracetamol group. Oxidant parameter MDA levels were significantly decreased in both paracetamol group
and colchicine/paracetamol group. CAT, SOD enzyme activities and GSH levels did not change before and after
treatment protocols in both patient groups. Conclusion: Both paracetamol 3000 mg/day and 3000 mg paracetamol plus
1.5 gr/day colchicine is effective in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis. But the addition of colchicine to
paracetamol produced significantly greater symptomatic benefit than paracetamol alone. Our study also showed that
colchicine lowers whole blood MDA which is a lipid peroxidation compound and elevates TAC levels in patients with
knee OA. This may show probable disease modifying effect of colchicine in knee OA which require further long period
laboratory and radiologic investigations.
Keywords: Knee Osteoarthritis; Colchicine; Paracetamol; Total Antioxidant Capacity; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative
Stres
1. Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disorder of
multifactorial etiology characterized by loss of articular
cartilage and changes in the underlying bone at the joint
margins. OA is a leading cause of chronic joint pain and
disability at older ages, largely due to knee and hip
involvement. The etiology of OA is unclear. Mechanical,
biochemical, metabolic, endocrine, genetic and environ-
mental factors seem to play a role [1].
The incidence of osteoarthritis increases steeply after
50 years of age and the proportion of elderly people in
the population continues to increase. More than 13% of
Americans aged 55 to 64 years, and more than 17% of
Americans aged 65 to 74 years, have pain and functional
limitations related to knee OA [2].
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyropho-
sphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals are commonly found in
osteoarthritic joints. These crystals have been found in
the synovial fluid of 60% of patients with knee OA and
over 90% of a small group of patients with grade-4 OA
[3,4].
Clinical and experimental data suggest a pathogenic
*Corresponding author.

Effect of Colchicine on Total Antioxidant Capacity, Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative
Stress Markers in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
378
role for calcium-containing crystals in cartilage destruc-
tion and OA development and progression [5].
Oxidative demage to collagen (oxidative DNA demage
etc.) has also important role in etiopathogenesis of OA.
Decreased joint fluid antioxidants and increased reactive
oxygen species (ROS) have been shown in osteoarthritic
joints compared to joints with macroscropically intact
cartilage and subacute injury. ROS induced by IL-1β and
TNF-α can directly cleave proteoglycans and collagen,
modulate signaling pathways and activate MMPs, as well
as alter chondrocyte apoptosis and cellular synthetic ac-
tivity [4,6-24].
Recently there has been increase in trials on disease/
structure-modifying agents in OA (e.g. MMP inhibitors,
glucosamine or chondritin sulphate, colchicine, strontium
ranelate, biphosphonates and diacetylrhein/diacerein). This
is an area of active research at present. Preclinical studies
of potential disease modifying agents are promising. In
clinical studies, generally, radiological joint space nar-
rowing or width have been used as the structural outcome
measure in these trials. More advanced compositional
MRI techniques, and laboratory cartilage markers might
enable to detect early cartilage changes before radio-
graphic joint space narrowing becomes evident [25-27].
Furthermore there are studies in the literature, on slow
acting disease/structure-modifying effects of colchicine
in knee OA. The rationale using colchicine as disease/
structure-modifying drug to manage OA resides in the
fact that calcium-containing crystals are frequently seen
in OA (3, 4), and colchicine has been shown to be bene-
ficial in preventing calcium crystal-induced inflammation
(pseudogout). When used to treat gouty arthritis, colchi-
cine is believed to work by inhibiting microtubule depen-
dent cell infiltration and IL-1β production. However, in
vitro and in vivo, colchicine also reduces monosodium
urate (MSU)-induced ROS production by neutrophils
[28-31].
Taking into account that increased incidence of cal-
cium-containing crystals (from 60% upto 90%), decreased
joint fluid antioxidants and increased reactive oxygen
species (ROS) in osteoarthritic joints, we aimed to in-
vestigate the effects of colchicine on clinical recovery,
oxidative stress markers and total antioxidant capacity
(TAC) in whole blood of patients with knee osteoar-
thritis.
2. Materials and Methods
Sixty patients with grade 2 - 3 knee osteoarthritis accor-
ding to ACR knee OA criteria whom examination of the
knee joint synovial fluid by polarized light microscopy
demonstrated CPDD crystals existence were included in
the study. Fifty healthy subjects who have similar demo-
graphic characteristics with patient group were included
as a control group. The study protocol, consent form and
all recruitment materials were approved by the ethical
Board of the University of Yuzuncu Yil University, Van,
Turkey, and the study was conducted in accordance with
the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were divided ran-
domly into two groups. The first group (paracetamol
group) was given only paracetamol 3 gr daily p.o and the
second group (colchicine and paracetamol group) was
given colchicine 1.5 gr and paracetamol 3 gr daily p.o.
The patients with diabetes, gouty arthritis, secondary
knee osteoarthritis due to inflammatory joint diseases, a
history of intraarticular corticosteroid and/or hyaluronic
acid injections, and a history of oral glucosamine, col-
chicine use during the last 6 months, chronic alchohol
consumption, chronic liver and kidney diseases, smokers,
a history of antioxidant vitamin and/or mineral use
during the last six months were excluded.
One of the primary clinical outcome measures was
change in the WOMAC-Western Ontario and McMaster
Universities Arthritis Index. The WOMAC has been used
extensively in the quantitative assessment of knee OA,
and has been proven to be effective in assessing func-
tionality, pain in patients suffering from knee OA.
Turkish WOMAC has been found valid and reliable [32].
Another clinical outcome measure was 100 mm VAS
(visual analog scale) for pain measuremet.
Before drug treatment start and after the last treatment
dose (6 months later), 7 mL sample of venous blood was
taken in the morning before breakfast from each patient
and control subjects. Serum samples were stored at
−20˚C until analysis.
2.1. Oxidant/Antioxidant Status Analysis
2.1.1. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Enzyme Analysis
SOD enzyme activity was measured using Genesys 10
UV-VIS Scanning spectrophotometer by Randox-Ransod
enzyme kit at 505 nm and 37˚C.
2.1.2. Catalase (CAT) Enzyme Activity Determination
Catalase enzyme activity was measured by reading the
absorbance with a spectrophotometer (Genesys 10 UV
Scanning UV/VIS Spectrophotometer) set at 240 nm
based on Aebi method.
2.1.3. Glutathion (GSH) Determination
GSH samples were measured by using a spectroflu-
orimetry (Jasco 6000 USA) with excitation at 345 nm
and emission at 425 nm.
2.1.4. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)
Ready-kit was used according to the measurement me-
thod.
2.1.5. Malondialdehyde (MDA) Determination
Levels of MDA which is a peroxidation product of lipid

Effect of Colchicine on Total Antioxidant Capacity, Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative
Stress Markers in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
379
metabolism were analyzed spectrofluorimetrically, using
the modified method by Hegde et al. [33]. The MDA was
measured by a spectrofluorimetry (Jasco 6000, USA),
with excitation at 520 nm and emission at 555 nm.
All outcome measures were performed before colchi-
cine tretment and just after of colchicine treatmet finish
(6 months later).
2.2. Statistical Analysis
Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation
(SD). Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS
program (version 11.5 software, SPSS Inc. Chicago,
Illinois, USA). For the comparison of groups, indepen-
dent student t test, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis and Mann-
Whitney U test were used. Categorical variables were
evaluated with Pearson’s chi-square test. Within the
same group comparisons in terms of the difference be-
tween pretreatment and posttreatment measurements
were investigated by the dependent t-test or Wilcoxon
signed rank test. P values of less than 0.05 were regarded
as significant.
3. Results
Demographic data of the groups were presented in Table
1. There was no significant difference between groups in
terms of demographic variables.
VAS scores according to patient and doctor evaluations
of the tretment groups were presented in Table 2. Only
Colchicine group showed statistically significant change
after the treatment in terms of VAS scores compared
with pre-treatment evaluation.
Pre and post-treatment WOMAC scores of the patient
groups were presented in Table 3. Post-treatment
WOMAC scores were improved in both patient groups
compared with pre-treatment evaluation (p < 0.025).
WOMAC morning stiffness scores were significantly more
Table 1. Demographic properties of the groups.
Variables ControlParacetamol
Colchicine/
Paracetamol p-Value
Age 56.7 ± 6.755.4 ± 6.2 57.6 ± 7.1 0.452
Gender 0.895
Male (n) 19 (38.0%)13 (43.3%) 12 (40.0%)
Female (n) 31 (62.0%)17 (56.7%) 18 (60.0%)
Kellgren Grade 0.598
Grade II - 11 (36.7%) 13 (43.3%)
Grade III - 19 (63.3%) 17 (56.7%)
Table 2. Pre-treatment and post-treatment VAS scores of the patient groups.
Variables Pre-treatment (mean(SD)) Post-treatment (mean(SD))p-Valuea Change (mean(SD)) p-Valueb
VASpatient 0.645
Paracetamol 77.5 (17.25) 74.0 (17.25) 0.060 –4.0 (8.00)
Colchicine/Par 79.0 (11.50) 76.0 (14.00) 0.010 –4.0 (8.50)
VASdoctor 0.662
Paracetamol 75.5 (7.25) 74.0 (15.25) 0.043 –3.0 (9.25)
Colchicine/Par 73.0 (17.25) 68.0 (15.50) 0.033 –3.5 (12.00)
aComparisons between pre-treatment and post-treatment within the same groups, according to the Bonferroni correction p value < 0.025 was considered
statistically significant for the results; bComparisons between the groups in terms of treatment-related change, p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically
significant for the results.
Table 3. Pre-teratment and post-treatment WOMAC scores of the patient groups.
Variables Pre-treatment (mean(SD)) Post-treatment (mean(SD))p-Valuea Change (mean(SD)) p-Valueb
Pain 0.988
Paracetamol 11.5 (4.00) 11.0 (3.25) 0.008 –1.0 (2.25)
Colchicine/Par 11.0 (5.00) 9.5 (4.25) 0.011 –1.0 (3.00)
Morning stiffness 0.039
Paracetamol 1.0 (2.25) 1.0 (2.00) 0.206 0.0 (0.00)
Colchicine/Par 3.0 ( 4.25) 2.0 (3.25) 0.005 –1.0 (1.25)
Physical activity 0.755
Paracetamol 38.0 (11.00) 36.5 (14.25) 0.027 –2.5 (6.50)
Colchicine/Par 34.5 (17.00) 31.0 (13.25) 0.021 –2.0 (8.25)
Total 0.280
Paracetamol 12.2 (6.50) 11.5 (6.08) 0.002 –1.0 (1.91)
Colchicine/Par 13.3 (8.75) 11.9 (5.56) 0.002 –1.0 (2.85)
aComparisons between pre-treatment and post-treatment within the same groups, according to the Bonferroni correction p-value < 0.025 was considered
statistically significant for the results; bComparisons between the groups in terms of treatment-related change, p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically
significant for the results.

Effect of Colchicine on Total Antioxidant Capacity, Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative
Stress Markers in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
380
improved in colchicine group compared with para-
cetamol group (p > 0.05).
Baseline oxidant and anti-oxidant levels of the control
group and the treatment groups were presented in Table
4. There were statistically significant differences between
control group and treatment groups in terms of baseline
MDA levels (p < 0.001). Baseline MDA levels were higher
in treatment groups than control group.
Comparisons of pre-treatment and post-treatment oxi-
dant and antioxidant levels of the patient groups were
presented in Table 5. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
was signifcantly increased only in colchicine/paraceta-
mol group. Oxidant parameter MDA levels were signi-
ficantly decreased in both paracetamol group and colchi-
cine/paracetamol group. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dis-
mutase (SOD) enzyme activities and glutathione (GSH)
levels did not change before and after treatment protocols
in both patient groups.
4. Discussion
In this study, the effects of colchicine on whole blood
oxidant load, antioxidant capacity and clinical recovery
in patients with OA were investigated. In the current
study we found that baseline MDA levels were higher in
patients with OA than healthy control group. Baseline
SOD, CAT enzyme activities, GSH, and TAC levels
were not differed between groups. When compared to
baseline MDA levels, post-treatment MDA levels signi-
ficantly decreased in only the group receiving colchicine/
paracetamol. Post-treatment TAC levels were also in-
creased significantly in only the group receiving colchi-
cine/paracetamol. No significant changes were observed
in post-treatment SOD, CAT enzyme activities and GSH
levels in both groups.
As well as colchicine treated group showed more
improvement in clinical recovery parameters such as
WOMAC and VAS scores than control and paracetamol
treated groups. Our clinical recovery results are in
accordance with previous studies by Ediz L. et al. and
Das K. et al. [28,34].
Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyropho-
sphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals are commonly found in
osteoarthritic joints. These crystals have been found in
the synovial fluid of 60% of patients with knee OA and
over 90% of a small group of patients with grade-4 OA
Table 4. Pre-treatment (baseline) laboratory findings of
control and treatment Groups.
VariablesControl Paracetamol Colchicine/
Paracetamol p-Value
CAT 56.4 (18.30)54.8 (13.02) 59.2 (18.97) 0.328
GSH 0.98 (0.09)1.0 (0.17) 0.99 (0.06) 0.743
TAC 25.0 ± 5.78 24.0 ± 7.25 21.6 ± 5.31 0.081
MDA 5.7 (1.11)a,b 6.6 (1.32)a 6.1 (1.94)b <0.001
SOD 228.7 (72.52)214.3 (90.97) 221.5 (124.23) 0.749
aStatistically significant difference between control group and paracetamol
group (p < 0.001); bStatistically significant difference between control group
and clchicine group (p < 0.001).
Table 5. Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment oxidant and antioxidant levels of the patient groups.
Variables Pre-treatment (mean(SD)) Post-treatment (mean(SD))p-Valuea Change (mean(SD)) p-Valueb
Catalase 0.738
Paracetamol 54.8 (13.02) 60.2 (16.52) 0.645 –0.09 (20.42)
Colchicine/Par 59.2 (18.97) 62.1 (16.62) 0.866 0.47 (20.32)
GSH 0.560
Paracetamol 1.0 (0.17) 1.0 (0.12) 0.949 0.01 (0.14)
Colchicine/Par 0.99 (0.06) 1.0 (0.07) 0.271 0.01 (0.11)
TAC 0.206
Paracetamol 24.0 ± 7.25 24.6 ± 7.10 0.754 0.6 ± 10.32
Colchicine/Par 21.6 ± 5.31 25.3 ± 5.55 0.018 3.7 ± 7.67
MDA 0.817
Paracetamol 6.6 (1.32) 5.6 (1.24) 0.002 –0.64 (1.87)
Colchicine/Par 6.1 (1.94) 5.6 (0.84) 0.014 –0.83 (2.22)
SOD 0.727
Paracetamol 214.3 (90.97) 228.7 (72.52) 0.610 20.4 (98.87)
Colchicine/Par 221.5 (124.23) 221.5 (95.15) 0.696 34.3 (109.37)
aComparisons between pre-treatment and post-treatment within the same groups, according to the Bonferroni correction p value < 0.025 was considered
statistically significant for the results; bComparisons between the groups in terms of treatment-related change, p value < 0.05 was considered statistically
significant for the results.

Effect of Colchicine on Total Antioxidant Capacity, Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative
Stress Markers in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
381
[3,4].
These crystals induce and maintain inflammation and
ROS production in osteoarthritic joint and hence degre-
date more and more cartilage and produce pain and
finally joint impairment occurs. To the best of our
knowledge this is the first study in the literature evaluates
colchicine effects on whole blood oxidant load and
antioxidant levels in patients with knee OA. Our study
showed that colchicine lowers whole blood MDA which
is a lipid peroxidation compound and elevates TAC
levels in patients with knee OA. Namely colchicine has
antioxidant activity and also enhances total antioxiant
capacity. However in this study, colchicine has no effect
on whole blood SOD, CAT enzyme activities and GSH
levels in patients with knee OA.
The current treatment of OA is primarily focused on
relief of the symptoms by use of rapid action drugs
(analgesics, cycloxygenase (COX-2) specific inhibitors
and NSAIDS). These drugs do not effect the underlying
pathogenesis of OA, thus have minimal role in modifying
disease course and improving quality of life [35,36].
In conclusion both paracetamol 3000 mg/day and 3000
mg paracetamol plus 1.5 gr/day colchicine is effective in
the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis. But the
addition of colchicine to paracetamol produced signifi-
cantly greater symptomatic benefit than paracetamol
alone. Our study also showed that colchicine lowers
whole blood MDA which is a lipid peroxidation com-
pound and elevates TAC levels in patients with knee OA.
This may show probable disease modifying effect of
colchicine in knee osteoarthritis which require further
long period laboratory and radiologic investigations.
5. Acknowledgements
This research was funded by Yuzuncu Yil University
Science Researchs Supporting Agency.
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