Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, No.1, pp.25-41, 2010
jmmce.org Printed in the USA. All rights reserved
25
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica
M. Rahail Parvaiz1, Smita Mohanty1, Sanjay K. Nayak*1 and P. A. Mahanwar2
1Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics
Engineering & Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751 024, India.
2Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University Institute of Chemical
Technology, Matunga, Mumbai -400 019, India.
* Corresponding Author: larpmcipet@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites were developed using fly ash and mica as fillers.
PEEK composites of 5-30 wt% loading were compounded using twin screw extruder. Tensile
strength, tensile modulus and flexural modulus increased with the incorporation of both the
fillers in PEEK matrix. Tensile modulus of PEEK fly ash composites was found to be higher than
PEEK mica composites. Charpy impact strength of PEEK mica composites improved drastically
up to 15 wt% of filler but in PEEK fly ash composites charpy impact strength was decreased.
The effect of fly ash and mica on the percentage crystallinity of PEEK composites was studied by
using modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC). Limiting oxygen index (LOI) of
PEEK fly ash and mica composites also improved by 11% and 24% respectively than pure PEEK
at 30 wt% loading respectively. The dynamic modulus of PEEK composites shows over 133%
increment at 100-250 °C, indicating improvement of elevated temperature mechanical
properties. Effects of f il le r on the morphology of PEEK composites have also been discussed.
Key Words: Polymer matrix c omp os ite s , Fillers, Fly ash, Mica, SEM
1. INTRODUCTION
The reinforcing effect of mineral filler for polymers has been recognized after 1930s. Since the
last three decades, improving the mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical and processing
properties of polymer with the addition of filler material has become a very popular research
interest. Polymer science and technology seek new routes to improve the performance of filled
plastic materials while reducing their costs [1].
26 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high performance semicrystalline polymer having outstanding
thermal stability, wear resistance, mechanical properties, and excellent resistance to chemicals. It
has high melting (Tm), glass transition (Tg) and continuous service temperature. It can be
processed by conventional methods such as injection molding, extrusion, compression molding
and powder coating techniques. Therefore, PEEK and its composites have been reported for use
in aerospace, automotive, structural, high temperature wiring, tribology, and biomedical
applications [2-5].
Utilization of fly ash (FA) as an additive component in polymer composites has received
increased attention recently, particularly for high volume applications for effective disposal of
the material and reducing the overall cost of the composites. Fly ash is a waste material, obtained
in huge quantities from thermal power plant as by-product of the burning of pulverized coal. It is
a fine and powdery material. A microscopic view would reveal that the particles are essentially
spherical. Fly ash has been used as spherical filler for the production of lightweight high strength
concrete [6].
Mica is a plate like crystalline alumino-silicate and has been widely used as reinforcing filler in
polymeric matrices due to its excellent mechanical electrical and thermal properties [7]. The
commercial delamination of mica may be characterized as wet or dry according to whether the
delamination is carried out in a dry state or water. Wet grinding preserves the natural luster and
sheen of mica and is normally characterized by clean cut edges, high aspect ratios, smooth
surface, and ability to disperse easily [8].
In this study, PEEK filled 0-30 wt% fly ash and mica composites were prepared by compression
molding technique to investigate the effect of particle shape of filler on the mechanical, thermal
properties such as limiting oxygen index, glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization
temperature (Tc), storage modulus (E') and morphology of PEEK fly ash and mica composites
were observed by using scanning electron microscopy.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Material
Matrix material Polyetheretherketone (5300 grade) was obtained from M/s Gharda Chemicals,
Ltd. Panoli, Gujarat, India. Fillers fly ash of particle size 44 micrometer was obtained from
Kuradi thermal power plant, Nagpur India and mica (wet grinded) of particle size 44 micrometer
was supplied by M/s Galaxy Corporation Pvt Ltd., Mumbai India.
Vol.9, No.1 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica 27
2.2. Compounding
Polyetheretherketone, mica and fly ash were predried at 100±5 °C for 8 hrs prior to
compounding. Fly ash and Mica (0-30 wt%) were added to Polyetheretherketone. The
composites were prepared by using melt mixing technique using counter-rotating, twin screw
extruder (RC 9000, Haake Germany) at L/D ratio of 20:1 and screw speed of 40 rpm. The
temperature profiles in barrel were maintained from 200, 250, 320, 340, 360 °C from feed zone
to die zone. The extrudates were water cooled at room temperature, cooled to room temperature
and pelletized.
2.3. Compression Molding
The pelletized granules of PEEK, fly ash and mica composites were predried at 100 ±5 °C for 8
hrs. Compression moulded sheets of dimensions 2 × 180 × 180 mm3 were prepared using
compression moulding machine (M/s. Boolani Engineering, Ltd Mumbai). The temperature of
mold plate was maintained at 380 °C with cycle of time 15 mins, breathing was done after 5
mins with an interval of 1 min and then kept at 360 °C constant temperature and pressure and
subsequently cooled to 40 °C under continuous hydraulic pressure of 180 kg/cm2. Test samples
were prepared as per various ASTM standards.
2.4. Mechanical Properties
Uniaxial tensile testing was carried out using Universal Tensile Testing Machine(UTM) LR 50K
(Lloyds Instrument Ltd. UK) at a cross head speed of 50mm/min. Tests were conducted in
accordance with ASTM D 638, taking specimens of dimensions 165 × 13 × 3 mm3.
Corresponding Young’s modulus and elongation at break were recorded. Flexural properties
were measured using a three-point bending test method as per ASTMD 790, in the same
universal testing machine. The test was carried out with rectangular bars of dimension 80 × 12.7
× 3 mm3 at a jaw speed of 0.8 mm/min at room temperature. The compression molded samples
of dimensions 127 × 12.7 × 3 mm3. A total of five specimens were tested for each sample at
room temperature to obtain the average impact value. Charpy impact tests were performed using
a 2.7 J pendulum and striking velocity of 3.46 m2/s on an Avery Denison Impact tester (model
6709), based on ASTM D 256-92.
2.5. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)
The LOI, (according to ASTM D2863-77) was measured using Dynisco Instrument (USA), with
specimen dimensions 70 × 6 × 3 mm. A total of five specimens were tested to obtain the average
value of LOI.
28 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
2.6. Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimeter (MDSC)
Glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm) and crystallization temperature (Tc)
of Polyetheretherketone mica and fly ash composites were studied using MDSC Q100 (TA,
USA). Temperature calibration was performed using Indium as a reference (Tm = 156.60 °C and
Heat flow = 28.5 J/g). The heating rate of the samples was 20 °C/min with sample weight
between 7 to 9 mg using standard aluminum sample pan. The experiments were carried out under
nitrogen flow of 50 ml/min over a temperature range of 40-400 °C.
2.7. Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Analysis (DMTA)
DMTA was carried out in tension mode using GABO Qualimeter (Eplexor 150N, Germany)
dynamic mechanical and thermal analyzer at a heating rate of 2°C/min and deformation
frequency of 10 Hz. The specimen size 50-40 mm in length, 5-4 mm in width and 3 mm
thickness were cut from the molded sheet. The DMTA test was carried out from the temperature
range 50 to 250 °C under the static load of 50 N and dynamic load of 40 N. Before starting the
cycle, the specimen was held for 5 min at 40 °C to stabilize the position of the clamped.
2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
SEM studies of fractured surface of tensile sample were carried out on Jeol (6380LA, Japan).
Samples were sputter coated with gold to increase surface conductivity. The digitized images
were recorded.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Mechanical Properties
Tensile strength of Polyetheretherketone composite initially increased with the content of fillers
as shown in Fig 1, after reaching a maximum value at 20 wt % filler (fly ash and mica) and then
decreased. The increment in tensile strength of PEEK mica composites were due to the platy
structure of mica filler producing good reinforcement. Tensile strength of PEEK fly ash
composites were gradually increased with the addition of fly ash up to 20 wt%. Comparing the
tensile properties of PEEK mica composites with that of PEEK fly ash composites, the later
system provided slightly lower improvement in the tensile strength which is probably due to
spherical shape of the fly ash particles. The effect of filler on tensile strength may be due to the
counterbalance of two phenomenons; with the increase in the filler content in a polymer
composite there is increase in effective surface fracture energy, size of voids and agglomeration
of filler particles. The dispersed particles make the crack propagation path longer, absorb a
Vol.9, No.1 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica 29
portion of energy and enhance the plastic deformation. Therefore, the surface fracture energy
increases and the strength of composites increase with volume percentage of filler. However,
with increase in mica content, the size of voids formed when the polymer matrix detaches from
the filler particles became critically large and initiates the main crack [9]. In addition, the
inevitably increased agglomeration of dispersed filler particles resulted in decreased mechanical
strength due to the lower strength of the agglomerates themselves [10].
Figure 1. Tensile strength of PEEK mica and fly ash composites.
Tensile modulus of Polyetheretherketone filled composites increased rapidly with the content of
filler as shown in Fig 2.The tensile modulus increases with incorporation of filler in the polymer
matrix. The increase in the tensile modulus of PEEK fly ash composite is due to the increase in
the crystallinity of composites by addition of fly ash. In case of PEEK mica composite, tensile
modulus was increased continuously with increase in the wt% of mica. The variation in the rate
of change of increase in tensile modulus indicates that effect of extent of hydrogen bonding as
well as intermolecular interaction of matrix and filler.
Elongation at break of PEEK filled composites decreased with increase in filler content for both
fly ash and mica as shown in Fig 3. The rate of decrease in elongation at break of PEEK fly ash
composites were higher than the PEEK mica composites shows that the brittleness of composite
increases with the fly ash content. The mica particles give the reinforcement effect due to its
platy structure. Also the toughness decreased with increasing fly ash content [6]. Such a
significant drop could be due to the agglomeration of fly ash which acts as the crack initiation
30 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
point; this is in agreement with the general trend that elongation decreases with increase in filler
content [11].
Figure 2. Tensile modulus of PEEK mica and fly ash composites.
Figure 3. Elongation at break of PEEK mica and fly ash composites.
Vol.9, No.1 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica 31
Flexural modulus of filled Polyetheretherketone composites increased as the concentration of
fillers increased, as shown in Fig 4. In PEEK fly ash composites, flexural modulus increased up
to 20 wt% and then dropped due to higher loading of fly ash indicating agglomeration. It is well
known that the modulus of a filled system depends on the properties of components, fillers and
matrix; the modulus of fly ash is higher than that of the matrix, and the flexural moduli of filled
composites are higher than that of polymer resin. Flexural modulus of PEEK also increased
continuously by the addition of mica. Flexural strength of mica filled Polyetheretherketone
composites increased up to 20 wt % of mica. Fig 5 shows the flexural strength of PEEK mica
and fly ash composites. In case of fly ash the flexural strength was increases up to 20 wt% but
thereafter decreased.
Figure 4. Flexural modulus of PEEK mica and fly ash composites.
Charpy impact test is a high speed fracture test that measures the energy to break the specimen
under banding condition. The specimen is deformed within a short time and therefore exposed to
high strain. The reinforcement seems to be very effective up to 15wt% of mica since the Charpy
impact strength increased. The impact strength had a sudden drop after 15 wt % of mica as
shown in Fig 6. From the figure it can be noted that the Charpy impact strength of all composites
of PEEK fly ash are lower than that of virgin PEEK. Fly ash leads to easy crack initiation along
with more brittle nature of composites. The increase in toughness may be caused by the
inhomogeneous particle shape and size of micro particles. Since the edges of mica particles have
different angularities and they would facilitate failure under impact condition due to localized
stress concentrations.
32 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
Figure 5. Flexural strength of PEEK mica and fly ash composites.
Figure 6. Charpy impact strength of PEEK mica and fly ash composites.
Vol.9, No.1 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica 33
3.2. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)
The LOI is the minimum percentage of oxygen in an oxygen-nitrogen mixture that will initiate
and support burning for three minutes [12]. The LOI increased by 24% with addition of 30 wt%
of mica in PEEK and in case of fly ash the LOI increased by 11% with 30 wt% of fly ash loading
therefore the fillers reduced flammability of composites as shown in Fig 7. This behavior is due
to the accumulation of silicate on the surface of the burning specimen which creates a proactive
barrier to heat and mass transfer.
Figure 7. Limiting oxygen index of PEEK mica and fly ash composite.
3.3. Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimeter (MDSC)
The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of the PEEK mica composites were studied by
MDSC with the sample cooled from 400 to 40 °C at constant a cooling rate 20 °C/min. Fig 8
shows that there is no significant change in the melting points (Tm) of both filled and unfilled
samples of mica and fly ash PEEK composites. The melting temperature are consistently
scattered within the typical range of 330-385 °C for PEEK resin. MDSC thermogroms obtained
for PEEK mica and fly ash composites sample shows the glass transition, exothermic
crystallization peak and the endothermic peak of crystalline phase melting. By measuring these
peak areas, it is possible to determine the volume fraction crystallinity of matrix [13].
34 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
(Hm –Hc) ρa
Xv = (1)
H
f (1- Xms) ρc – (Hm – Hc)(ρcρa)
Xv = Volume fraction crystallinity.
Hm = heat of fusion measured as the area of melting peak.
Hc = heat of additional crystallization measured as the area under the crystallization peak.
Hf = theoretical heat of fusion for a pure crystalline phase for PEEK 130 J/g.
ρa = density of amorphous phase for PEEK 1.2626 g/cm3
ρc = density of crystalline phase for PEEK 1.4006 g/cm3
Xms= mass fraction of reinforcement.
The Xv value for composites filled with same amount of mica and fly ash are as shown in Table
1. This might be due to lower degree of obstruction from the finer particles for the extension of
PEEK crystalline segments. The increase in perfection or crystallinity is due to enhanced crystal
nucleation in the region surrounding the reinforced particles [14, 15]. The higher percentage
crystallinity for 20 wt% of 44μm size mica PEEK composite shows improved interaction
between PEEK and mica particles. In case of PEEK fly ash degree of crystallinity continuously
increases by addition of fly ash as shown in Fig 8. The Tg and Tm of PEEK composites were not
much affected by the fillers but crystallization temperature increased at low concentration (10 wt
%) of fly ash and mica and then decreased as shown in Fig 9.
Table1. PEEK filled fly ash and mica of Hm, Hc and % crystallinity (Xv)
Materials Hm (J/g) -Hc (J/g) Xv (%)
VPEEK 16.79 37.20 39.04
10FA44* 19.37 28.81 38.70
20FA44 22.65 27.79 45.93
30FA44 21.97 25.43 49.51
10M44** 22.35 28.44 40.06
20M44 21.71 27.07 44.34
30M44 14.82 18.84 34.61
*10 wt% fly ash 44µm filled PEEK composite, **10 wt% mica of 44µ filled PEEK
composite. Similarly 20, 30 withstand 20% and 30% fly ash and mica
Vol.9, No.1 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica 35
Figure 8. Degree of crystallinity of PEEK mica and fly ash composites.
z
z
z
zzzz
z
zz
z
z
z
z
z
}}
}}}}}}}}
}
}
}
}
}
156.11°C(I)
329.52°C
154.00°C(I)
333.22°C
152.64°C(I)
332.27°C
152.52°C(I)
331.01°C
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Heat Flow (mW)
125 175 225 275 325
Tem pe ratu re (°C)
z
PEEK–––––––
PEEK10F 44– – – –
PEEk20F44––––– ·
}
PEEK30F 44––– – –
Exo UpUniversal V4.2E TA Instruments
(a)
36 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
267.63°C
275.38°C
270.86°C
267.71°C
2
4
6
8
10
Heat Flow (mW )
200 220 240 260 280 300 320340
Temp eratu re (°C)
z
PEEK–––––––
PEEK10F44– – – –
PEEK20F44––––– ·
}
PEEK30F44––– – –
Exo UpUniversal V4.2E TA Instruments
(b)
zzzzzzzzzz
zz
z
z
}}
}
}
}}}
}}
}
}
}
}
153.11°C(I)
334.37°C
152.44°C(I)
333.54°C
153.93°C(I)
332.68°C
156.11°C(I)
329.52°C
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Heat Flow (mW )
100 150 200250 300 350 400
Tem p eratu re (°C)
z
PEEK10M 44–––––––
PEEK20M 44– – – –
PEEK30M 44––––– ·
}
PEEK––– – –
Exo UpUniversal V4.2E TA Instruments
(c)
Vol.9, No.1 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica 37
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
277.60°C
275.29°C
274.19°C
267.57°C
0
2
4
6
8
Heat Flow (mW)
225 240 255 270 285 300 315
Temperatu re (°C)
z
PEEK10M44–––––––
PEEK20M44– – – –
PEEK30M44––––– ·
}
PEEK––– – –
Exo UpUniversal V4.2E TA Instruments
(d)
Figure 9. Modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC) thermograms for (a) and (c)
second heating curves of Tg and Tm of 44 µm mica filled PEEK composites. (b) and (d) cooling
curves of crystallization temperature Tc of 44 µm mica filled PEEK composites.
3.4. Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Analysis (DMTA)
Fig 10 (a) shows E' versus the temperature for PEEK reinforced with 0–30 wt % mica. As
expected, E' increased with an increase in mica in the PEEK matrix. The reinforcing effect of
mica was more intense above Tg. This was similar to a previous study of AlN/PEEK [16] and
reported VGCF/PEEK composites, for which the modulus increased with the filler content.
However, this was in contrast to a short-carbon-fiber-reinforced/poly(ether ether ketone) (SCFR–
PEEK) composite, for which an intense increase in the modulus was observed below Tg, and
afterwards, it decreased rapidly as in pure PEEK [17]. The modulus of PEEK mica composites,
especially at low temperature, is affected by the content of mica used. At 50 °C temperature the
E' of mica filled PEEK composites increases as concentration of mica increased. This indicates
that incorporation of mica filler improved the stiffness of the composite and the dependence of E'
on filler loading is more pronounced around the glassy region. The drop in storage modulus with
temperature during the transition from glassy to rubbery state occurred around temperature 150
°C for all the specimens. The glass transition temperatures according to storage modulus were
negligibly affected by mica loading in PEEK. The storage modulus of PEEK filled 20 wt%
composites is increased by 61% as compared to pure PEEK at 50 °C. The modulus increased due
to high modulus of mica and due to good interaction between the mica and the matrix, which
restricts the segmental motion of the PEEK molecules. These results indicted an effective
38 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
transfer of load from the matrix to mica. In this study, the significant improvement in E' might be
attributed to the uniformly dispersed mica particles in the matrix, which increased the interfacial
area between mica and the PEEK matrix. Fig 10 (b) shows the temperature dependences of the
storage modulus of PEEK composites with fly ash loading of 0-30 wt %. The E' have improve
143% at 30 wt% fly ash of temperature 200 °C compared to pure PEEK, inclusion of fly ash in
PEEK increase the high temperature performance of PEEK composites.
050100 150 200 250
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000 (a)
E' (MPa)
Temperature (°C)
PEEK
10M44
20M44
30M44
050100 150 200 250
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000 (b)
E' (MPa)
Temperature (°C)
PEEK
10FA44
20FA44
30FA44
Figure 10. Dynamic mechanical spectrum of storage modulus of (a) PEEK mica composites and
(b) PEEK fly ash composites.
Vol.9, No.1 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composites Reinforced with Fly Ash and Mica 39
3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The morphological and particle distribution in PEEK mica and fly ash composites were studied
using SEM. Fig 11 (a) displays the micrograph of PEEK mica and (b) PEEK fly ash particles
respectively. It is evident that the mica particles are uniformly dispersed within the PEEK matrix
and no aggregates of filler particles are observed. This further corroborates that the composite
with 20 wt % mica produced relatively improved properties than PEEK fly ash composites. The
micrograph also shows that the mica particles were more reinforced than fly ash particles in
PEEK matrix.
(a)
(b)
Figure 11. SEM image of (a) 20 wt% mica of 44µm filled PEEK composite, (b) 20 wt% fly as of
44µm filled PEEK composite.
40 M. Rahail Parvaiz, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak and P. A. Mahanwar Vol.9, No.1
4. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions have been drawn from the present study.
Tensile modulus of PEEK fly ash and mica composites were improved by the incorporation of 5-
30 wt% filler. The fly ash filled PEEK composites showed higher tensile modulus than mica.
The optimum strength improvement occurred in composition of 20 wt% fly ash and mica filled
PEEK. With greater amount of fillers (30 wt %), the tensile and flexural strength decreased,
whereas the tensile modulus increased consistently with the incorporation of fillers. Charpy
impact strength also improved by using mica in PEEK composites but in case of fly ash impact
strength was decreased. PEEK filled by fly ash and mica showed remarkable improvement in
limiting oxygen index. LOI of PEEK mica was higher than PEEK fly ash composites. In overall
performance mica showed better reinforcement properties than fly ash.
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