Received 28 October 2015; accepted 11 December 2015; published 14 December 2015

ABSTRACT

We conducted a phase II study of combination chemotherapy with carboplatin (Cb) and pemetrexed (Pem) followed by gefitinib (Gef) to determine the effects and toxicities in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring sensitive EGFR mutation. Eligible patients received four courses of Cb at a dose corresponding to a target area under the curve equal to 6 mg/mL∙min and 500 mg/m² Pem on day 1 every three to four weeks followed by sequential Gef 250 mg once a day until tumor progression. Sixteen of registered 28 patients responded to Cb and Pem combination. Twenty-seven patients received sequential Gef and 8 non-responders to Cb and Pem achieved PR. The overall response rate was 85.7%. Among the major toxicities, grade 3 SGPT elevation, nausea and thrombosis were observed in 3, 3 and 1 patients, respectively, who received Cb and Pem, and grade 3 SGPT elevation and dry skin were observed in 5 and 1 patients, respectively, who received Gef. There was no febrile neutropenia and no treatment-related death. The median progression-free survival time was 19.1 months. Among 21 patients who were followed up for more than 2 years, 14 survived during that time. Cb and Pem followed by Gef maintenance are recommended for further evaluation for patients with metastatic NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutation.

Keywords:

Pemetrexed, Gefitinib, EGFR Mutation, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Chemotherapy

1. Introduction

Current chemotherapy regimens for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma are not particularly effective. Regimens based on combinations of anticancer agents such as vinorelbine, gemcitabine, docetaxel and paclitaxel with platinum compounds have emerged as a gold standard for such patients [1] . Additional improvement of overall survival has been demonstrated for bevacizumab with carboplatin plus paclitaxel for patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC [2] . The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) superfamily was identified early as a potential therapeutic target in solid tumors. Inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase such as gefitinib (Gef) are orally active and can produce an objective response in patients with previously treated or untreated advanced NSCLC [3] -[5] . Two pivotal studies demonstrated that EGFR mutants enhanced tyrosine kinase activity in response to epidermal growth factor and increased sensitivity to inhibition by Gef, and have shown that the presence of EGFR mutant is strongly correlated with an increased response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in patients with NSCLC [6] [7] . Large randomized controlled trials involving patient cohorts enriched for patients harboring EGFR-activating mutations have demonstrated the superiority of EGFR-TKI treatment over conventional cytotoxic drugs in terms of progression-free survival and objective response rate [8] -[12] . Two studies designed to compare the activity of Gef with that of platinum-based chemotherapy in Japan demonstrated significantly better progression-free survival in the Gef treatment group [9] [10] . All of the patients in both studies were eligible for crossover treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy and Gef. Most patients who had received platinum-based first-line chemotherapy chose Gef for the second-line treatment, and achieved tumor regression with the latter agent. Thus, long-term analysis has demonstrated that courses of treatment initiated with Gef achieve overall survival similar to that of traditional treatment initiated with platinum doublet regimens for such patients [9] [10] . Accordingly, it has been suggested that patients with EGFR mutations should receive both Gef and a platinum doublet regimen. However, in the two trials conducted in Japan, one third to half of patients who received Gef as first-line therapy continued to receive Gef beyond the PD stage because of anxiety about chemotherapy-related cytotoxicity. It is important to choose a treatment strategy that is acceptable for the majority of patients, and for this purpose, less toxic platinum-based regimens might be selected. Most cases of EGFR mutation are detected in non-squamous cell carcinoma, and drugs that are more effective against this histologic type of cancer should be chosen. Pemetrexed (Pem) is the first drug for which effects have been found to differ according to histologic type [13] , being more effective against non-squamous than against squamous cell carcinoma. There are no significant differences between cisplatin-based and carboplatin (Cb)-based regimens [14] [15] , and Cb plus Pem has been shown to have almost the same efficacy as Cb plus gemcitabine, but with lower toxicity [16] . Therefore, we planned a prospective phase II study of Cb and Pem followed by sequential Gef therapy.

2. Patients and Methods

Patients. Patients with histologically or cytologically proven stage IIIB or IV NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutations were registered for the Cb and Pem combination followed by Gef chemotherapy. Eligibility criteria for the chemotherapy were: no prior chemotherapy, expected survival of at least six weeks, age 20 to 75 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS score ≤ 1, leukocyte count ≥ 4000/µl, hemoglobin count ≥ 9.0 g/dl, platelet count ≥ 100,000/µl, total serum bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dl, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase ≤ 100 IU/L, and serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dl. Patients with postoperative recurrence were eligible. The Institutional Review Board of Kanagawa Cancer Center reviewed and approved this study prior to commencement. Written informed consent was obtained in every case.

Chemotherapy. Patients exhibiting no disease progression were treated every 3 to 4 weeks with Cb at a dose corresponding to a target area under the curve (AUC) equal to 6 mg/mL∙min (AUC 6) and 500 mg/m² Pem on day 1. All patients were instructed to take oral daily doses of folic acid beginning 1 week before the first dose of Pem and 3 weeks after the last cycle of CbPem. Injection of vitamin B12 was given 1 week before the first dose of Pem and at 9-week intervals during CbPem treatment. Patients received 5-HT₃ antagonist IV and 8 mg dexamethasone IV before administration of the anticancer drugs. The Cb and Pem chemotherapy was repeated for a maximum of four cycles unless the disease progressed, or if severe toxicities developed. Patients who required dose reduction twice terminated Cb and Pem chemotherapy and switched to sequential chemotherapy with Gef. Non-responders after 2 cycles of CbPem were allowed to switch to Gef treatment.

Sequential chemotherapy with Gef 250 mg p.o. once a day was started after completion of the Cb and Pem combination chemotherapy when the following criteria were satisfied: PS score ≤ 2, leukocyte count ≥ 3000/µl, platelet count ≥ 100,000/µl, total serum bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dl, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase ≤ 100 IU/L, serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dl, and other toxicities ≤ grade 1. If grade 4 hematological toxicities, grade 2 pneumonitis, or grade 3 other non-hematological toxicities appeared, sequential Gef treatment was interrupted for a maximum of 30 days until the toxicities became less than grade 2. Tumor responses were evaluated according to the RECIST criteria [17] , and toxicities were evaluated according to the NCI-CTC ver.3 criteria.

Study design. We chose a 60% two-year survival rate as a desirable target level, and considered a 40% response rate to be non-significant. The study design had the power to detect responses greater than 90%, with less than 10% error. Therefore, we required 29 assessable patients in the first stage and 25 in the second stage, according to the Minimax design of Simon [18] . We decided to stop the study if fewer than 12 patients survived for 2 years in the first stage. This regimen was defined as active if the number of 2-year survivors was ≥28 out of 54 patients, and inactive if the number of responders was ≤27. Survival was estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier. This study is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN C000003354).

3. Results

Between June 2010 and January 2015, 29 patients were registered in the study. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. One patient was unable to receive this experimental chemotherapy because of leukopenia

≤3000/μL just before the start of treatment. The other 28 patients were assessed for response, toxicities and survival. Induction chemotherapy was delivered as shown in Table 2. Twenty-one patients (75.0%) were able to receive 4 cycles of Cb and Pem combination chemotherapy. Two patients dropped out after the first cycle of induction chemotherapy: one with grade 3 SGOT and SGPT elevation, and one with grade 3 thrombosis in the lower limbs. Induction chemotherapy was stopped after 2 cycles in 3 patients: 2 showing no tumor regression, and one with grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Two patients dropped out after 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy because of grade 3 nausea. Treatment-related toxicities during the induction chemotherapy are listed in Table 3. One patient developed grade 4 thrombocytopenia requiring transfusion. Among non-hematological toxicities,

grade 3 SGOT and SGPT elevation, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, syncope, and thrombosis were observed. Other non-hematological toxicities were mild and there was no febrile neutropenia. The outcome of the Cb and Pem regimen in the 28 patients was PR in 16, SD in 11 and PD in one, with an overall response rate of 57.1%.

One responder underwent surgical resection and other 27 patients received sequential Gef treatment. The median duration of sequential Gef treatment was 12.0 months (range: 1.0+ to 39.7+ months). Eight patients who did not respond to CbPem achieved PR with Gef treatment, and the overall response rate for Cb and Pem followed by Gef was 85.7%. Treatment-related toxicities during Gef treatment are listed in Table 4. There were no grade 4 hematological toxicities. Non-hematological toxicities were almost mild.

Sixteen patients dropped out study mainly because of PD and received second line treatment such as erlotinib in 6, carboplatin-based chemotherapy in 5, docetaxel-based chemotherapy in 2 and others in 3 patients.

The progression-free and overall survival curves are shown in Figure 1, although these survival data are incomplete. Nine patients died during the follow-up period, and 12 of the 19 survivors had no tumor recurrence. The median progression-free time was 19.1 months (range 3.0+ to 44.1+ months). The overall survival curve did not reach 50% and the median survival time was not determined (median 36.9+ months). Among the 21 patients who were followed up for more than 2 years, 14 survived for this period (Figure 2).

4. Discussion

The current standard treatment for patients with NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutation is EGFR-TKI monotherapy. Many clinicians have considered that not only EGFR-TKI but also cytotoxic drugs are necessary for these patients in order to improve survival. In fact, a phase III study comparing Gef with Cb and paclitaxel for chemo-naïve NSCLC with sensitive EGFR gene mutation found that about 10% of patients who did not receive platinum agents died within 6 months, despite the fact that most patients who received Cb and paclitaxel as first-line treatment were able to survive for 6 months or more. The same study also showed that patients who received EGFR-TKI, platinum agents, and Pem or docetaxel achieved significantly better overall survival than patients who received EGFR-TKI, platinum agents, but neither Pem nor docetaxel in the final analysis [19] . These data strongly support our treatment strategy using the Cb, Pem and Gef combination. In the present study, Cb and Pem followed by Gef showed extremely high activity against NSCLC harboring EGFR mutation, with a response rate of 85.7%. This activity was similar to that achieved with the same regimen in a recently published randomized phase II study in Japan [20] . Fourteen of 21 patients who were registered to this study for 2 years or more were able to survive for at least this period. Thus, two thirds of the studied patients survived for 2 years or more on the present combination chemotherapy. These results are more favorable than those of phase III studies of Gef monotherapy in Japan.

Twenty-one patients received 4 full cycles of the Cb and Pem regimen in the present study, being comparable to a phase III study of Cb and Pem relative to Cb and gemcitabine [16] . In two phase III trials conducted in Japan, about one third to half of all patients treated with Gef as first-line chemotherapy continued to receive Gef beyond the PD stage because of anxiety about chemotherapy-related cytotoxicity. Although platinum-based chemotherapies modestly improve survival and palliate some tumor-related symptoms in patients with locally advanced metastatic NSCLC, the chemotherapy-related adverse effects sometimes outweigh the benefits. Consequently, a practical short-term goal is to identify new regimens that would maintain the same level of efficacy as cisplatin-based combinations while offering a better toxicity profile. The present small phase II study demonstrated encouraging results for the Cb and Pem regimen. The incidence of serious hematologic and non-hema- tologic toxicities was similar to that in a randomized phase II study of the same treatment schedule conducted in Japan [20] , which was a very low incidence in comparison with other platinum-based chemotherapies [1] [21] . Thus, the regimen is considered to be acceptable for patients who are concerned about the cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs.

In the present study, the median period until disease progression in patients receiving sequential treatment with Gef was 12.0 months, which was longer than the periods of 9.2 and 10.8 months for Gef monotherapy in patients with EGFR mutation in randomized studies conducted in Japan [9] [10] . Moreover, sequential Gef treatment resulted in tumor regression in 8 of 12 patients (66.7%) who did not respond to Cb and Pem treatment. This response rate is equal to the activity reported for Gef alone against lung cancer harboring EGFR mutation in large-scale studies, and a response rate as high as 88.7% for the three-drug combination used in the present study. These data suggest that the anti-tumor mechanism of Cb and Pem differs from that of Gef.

Unfortunately, accrual of patients for this study was slow and we decided to stop the study at the first stage. A phase II study requiring 50 - 60 patients is considered difficult to perform at a single institution. The safety of the present Cb and Pem combination followed by Gef treatment would be sufficiently acceptable for patients who anticipate several types of toxicity induced by anti-cancer drugs, but a comparative study will be required to determine whether the present treatment could become a gold standard for patients with NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutation. A phase III study has already been initiated to compare Cb and Pem combination chemotherapy plus Gef with standard Gef monotherapy in the setting of EGFR mutation in Japanese patients.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, Cb and Pem followed by Gef maintenance are likely feasible and recommended for further evaluation for patients with metastatic NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutation.

Acknowledgements

We thank all of the participating patients, their families, and the site investigators. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Shigeki Motomura, Dr. Makoto Ueno and Dr. Hiroaki Okamoto for assistance as the Safety Monitoring Committee. This work was supported in part by the Kanagawa Health Foundation and the Kanagawa Prefectural Hospitals Cancer Research Fund.

Cite this paper

SakiManabe,FumihiroOshita,ShujiMurakami,TetsuroKondo,HaruhiroSaito,TakeshiKaneko,KouzoYamada,11, (2015) Phase II Study of Carboplatin and Pemetrexed Followed by Gefitinib for Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Sensitive EGFR Mutation. Journal of Cancer Therapy,06,1214-1222. doi: 10.4236/jct.2015.615132

References

Abbreviations

NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer;

Cb: carboplatin;

Pem: pemetrexed;

Gef: gefitinib;

EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor;

TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitors;

AUC: a target area under the curve.

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.