Advances in Linear Algebra & Matrix Theory
Vol.3 No.2(2013), Article ID:33062,6 pages DOI:10.4236/alamt.2013.32003
Jordan Semi-Triple Multiplicative Maps on the Symmetric Matrices*
Department of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Staff Education and Training Center of Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, China
Email: runlingan@yahoo.com.cn
Copyright © 2013 Xiaoning Hao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received March 16, 2013; revised April 20, 2013; accepted April 28, 2013
Keywords: Symmetric matrices; Orthogonal matrix; Jordan homomorphism
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we show that if an injective map on symmetric matrices
satisfies
then
for all
, where
is an injective homomorphism on
,
is a complex orthogonal matrix and
is the image of
under
applied entrywise.
1. Introduction
It is an interesting problem to study the interrelation between the multiplicative and the additive structure of a ring or an algebra. Matindale in [1] proved that every multiplicative bijective map from a prime ring containing a nontrivial idempotent onto an arbitrary ring is additive. Thus, the multiplicative structure determines the ring structure for some rings. This result was utilized by P. Šemrl in [2] to describe the form of the semigroup isomorphisms of standard operator algebras on Banach spaces. Some other results on the additivity of multiplicative maps between operator algebras can be found in [3,4]. Besides ring homomorphisms between rings, sometimes one has to consider Jordan ring homomorphisms. Note that, Jordan operator algebras have important applications in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. So, it is also interesting to ask when the Jordan multiplicative structure determines the Jordan ring structure of Jordan rings or algebras.
Let be two rings and let
be a map. Recall that
is called a Jordan homomorphism if
for all. There are two basic forms of Jordan multiplicative maps, namely1)
(Jordan semi-triple multiplicative map) for all
2)
(Jordan multiplicative map) for all. It is clear that, if
is unital and additive, then these two forms of Jordan multiplicative maps are equivalent. But in general, for a unital map, we do not know whether they are still equivalent without the additivity assumption.
The question of when a Jordan multiplicative map is additive was investigated by several authors. Letbe a bijective map on a standard operator algebra. Molnár showed in [5] that if
satisfies
then is additive. Later, Molnár in [5] and then Lu in [6] considered the cases that
preserve the operation
and
, respectively, and proved that such
is also additive. Thus, the Jordan multiplicative structure also determines the Jordan ring structure of the standard operator algebras. Later, in [7] we proved these Jordan multiplicative maps on the space of selfadjoint operators space are Jordan ring isomorphism and thus are equivalent. In this paper, we consider the same question and give affirmative answer for the case of Jordan multiplicative maps on the Jordan algebras of all symmetric matrices. In fact, we study injective Jordan semi-triple multiplicative maps on the symmetric matrices
, and show that such maps must be additive, and hence are Jordan ring homomorphisms.
Let us recall and fix some notations in this paper. Recall that is called an idempotent if
. We define the order
between idempotents as follows:
if and only if
for any idempotents
,
. For any
, let
be the matrix with 1 in the position
and zeros elsewhere, and
be the unit of
.
2. Main Results and Its Proof
In this section, we study injective Jordan semi-triple multiplicative maps on, the following is the main result.
Theorem 2.1. An injective map
is a Jordan semi-triple multiplicative map, that is
(2.1)
if and only if there is an injective homomorphism of
and a complex orthogonal matrix
such that
for all
.
Firstly, we give some properties of injective Jordan semi-triple multiplicative maps on.
Lemma 2.2. Let be an injective Jordan semi-triple multiplicative map. Then
sends idempotents to tripotents and moreover1)
is an idempotent and
for all, in particular
2) commutes with
for every
;
3) is an idempotent for each idempotent
;
4) A map defined by
for all, is a Jordan semi-triple multiplicative map, which is injective if and only if
is injective.
For defined in Lemma 2.2, we can see that
and for any idempotents
. Therefore, we have Corollary 2.3. Let
and
be an injective Jordan semi-triple multiplicative map. Then. In the case
, for each idempotent
the rank of
is equal to the rank of
. In particular,
and
Now we give proof of Theorem 2.1. The main idea is to use the induction on, the dimension of the matrix algebra, after proving the result for
matrices.
Proof of Theorem 2.1. In order to prove Theorem 2.1, it suffices to characterize. Note if
then
that is is invertible and
By Lemma 2.1, commutes with
for all
. It follows that
commutes with
for all
. Therefore, if
,
must be a scalar matrix. As
and hence
has the desired form.
Therefore, we mainly characterize. The proofs are given in two steps.
Step 1. The proof for.
The matrix is an idempotent of rank one. By Corollary 2.3,
is a rank one idempotent. It is well known that every idempotent matrix in
can be diagonalizable by complex orthogonal matrix. Thus, there exists a
orthogonal matrix
such that
Without loss of generality, we may assume that
By Corollary 2.3 and from the following fact
and
we conclude that
or
Let, by replacing
with
if necessary, we may assume that
.
For, since
is a rank one idempotent and satisfying
and
we have. Now for any
let. Then
Thus, the entry of
depends on the
entry of
only. Therefore, there exist injective functionals
such that
satisfy respectively
and
and
.
From, it is easy to verify that
is multiplicative. Next we prove that
. Let
since
A and, we have
and, hence
or
with
.
Thus, and
since
is multiplicative. Let
, then
. Note that
and
that is
This implies and
. Now by the fact
and
, we get
. For any
, since
thus.
Next we prove that is additive. Since
and thus we have
for any. Moreover by the fact
one can get that
and.
Finally, we prove
for any. Let
.
By the fact that
and
we get and
for any
.
Step 2. The induction.
Let
then is a rank
idempotent, so is
by Corollary 2.3. Therefore, there exists a orthogonal matrix
such that
. Replacing
by the map
we may assume that
.
For any let
. Then
implies
It follows that for some matrix
. Define the map
on
by. It is easy to check that
is an injective Jordan semi-triple multiplicative map on
. Furthermore,
implies that
. By the induction hypothesis there is a
orthogonal matrix
and an injective homomorphism
on
such that
Let be the matrix
. Without loss of generality, we assume that
for all
. This is equivalent to
. For any
with
and, we have
.
Thus,
(*)
Let us define matrices for each
by
For an arbitrary, From (*) we have
Then there exists and
such that
From the equality we get that
and
. These equality implies that
and
Hence only the entries
of
are nonzero and
. It follows that
Next, take any two distinct. From
and using (*) , we get
which implies that. Let
, then
, so we may assume that
. Furthermore by the equality
and, we obtain
Next we prove that for any
.
Let us fix some. As
, there is another
such that
Then for any,
and
.
Thus, for any
where has only one nonzero entry in the
position, we have
. For any
, let
and
.
From, we have
And. For any
, since
where and
have only one nonzero entry
and
in the
and
position respectively,
is equal to the
entry of
, thus we have
and so. The proofs are complete.
By Theorem 2.1, we can characterize another two forms of Jordan multiplicative maps on.
Theorem 2.4. An injective map
satisfies
(2.2)
if and only if there is an injective homomorphism on
and a complex orthogonal matrix
such that
for all
.
Proof. Let in Equation (2.2), we get
that is, is a Jordan semi-triple multiplicative map. Consequently,
has the desired form by Theorem 2.1.
Since every ring homomorphism onis an identity map, thus by Theorem 2.1, Theorem 2.4, we get Corollary 2.5. Let
be an injective map. Then the following condition are equivalent1)
2)
3) there is a real orthogonal matrixsuch that
for all
.
At the end of this section, we characterize bijective maps on preserving
.
Theorem 2.6. A bijective map satisfies
(2.3)
if and only if there is a ring isomorphism on
and a complex orthogonal matrix
such that
for all
Proof. It is enough to check the “only if” part. Letting in Equation (2.3), we get
Taking and
, we get
and thus
(2.4)
Letting in Equation (2.3), we get
.
Taking, we get
.
Multiplying this equality by from the left side, by Equation (2.4) we get
for any, and hence
for some scalar
. By Equation (2.4), we obtain
If, let
, then
also meets Equation (2.3) and
. So without loss of generality, we assume
. By letting
and
in Equation (2.3), we get
and
for all
. Consequently
Now lettingin Equation (2.3) we get
.
Thus,
and by taking
in Equation (2.3). Therefore,
has desired form by surjectivity of
and Theorem 2.1.
In particular, we have Corollary 2.7. A bijective map satisfies
if and only if there is a real orthogonal matrixsuch that
for all
.
Remark 2.8. We do not know whether the surjective assumption in Theorem 2.6 and Corollary 2.7 can be omitted.
REFERENCES
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- P. Šemrl, “Isomorphisms of Standard Operator Algebras,” Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 123, No. 6, 1995, pp. 1851-1855.
- L. Molnár, “On Isomorphisms of Standard Operator Algebras,” Studia Mathematica, Vol. 142, 2000, pp. 295- 302.
- J. Hakeda, “Additivity of *-Semigroup Isomorphisms among *-Algebra,” Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1986, pp. 51-56. doi:10.1112/blms/18.1.51
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- R. L. An and J. C. Hou, “Additivity of Jordan Multiplicative Maps on Jordan Operator Algebras,” Taiwanese journal of mathematics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2006, pp. 45-64.
NOTES
*The author is support by a grant from National Natural Foundation of China (11001194).