Received 31 October 2015; accepted 27 February 2016; published 1 March 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); therefore, insulin-sensitizing agents are widely used to improve IR in women with PCOS. However, whether IR in patients without PCOS should be treated remains uncertain. This study aims to clarify whether IR in patients without PCOS affects the outcomes of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and pregnancy. Methods: Between January 2011 and December 2013, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 116 non-PCOS patients who underwent the first IVF?ET cycle. IR was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index [HOMA-IR = (insulin × glucose)/405]. A HOMA index of >2.5 was used to indicate IR. Based on the HOMA index calculation, 28 patients were IR(+) and 88 patients had normal insulin sensitivity. We retrospectively compared the response with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, retrieved oocytes number, fertilization rates, pregnancy rate, live birth rates, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) incidence. Results: There were no significant differences in human menopausal gonadotropin administration, peak estradiol, retrieved oocyte number, fertilized embryo number, good quality embryo number, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, delivery rate, or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and GDM incidences between the groups. Conclusion: IR in non-PCOS patients has no effect on IVF-ET outcomes or perinatal prognosis.

Keywords:

Insulin Resistance, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, In-Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

1. Introduction

Insulin levels have been suggested to play important roles in fertility and folliculogenesis within the setting of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Insulin primarily acts on its own receptors located on theca cells, which surround stroma and granulosa cells, to stimulate ovarian steroidogenesis [1] - [3] . In the context of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hyperinsulinemia, resulting from increased insulin resistance (IR), is associated with a higher rate of ovulatory infertility [4] . Conversely, in response to gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF), IR is frequently associated with a multifollicular response; thus, patients with IR are more prone to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and ART cycle cancelation [5] [6] . In addition, women with PCOS have poorer oocyte quality, resulting in lower fertilization and cleavage rates, than normal women [7] - [10] . Hyperinsulinemia can preferentially impair oocyte developmental competence, resulting in reduced fertilization rates, embryonic development, and implantation in PCOS patients [11] - [13] . The administration of insulin-sen- sitizing agents increases insulin sensitivity, thereby promoting ovulation induction and increasing the pregnancy rate [14] [15] . Metformin is the most studied antidiabetic drug and is administered to reduce fasting insulin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and free testosterone levels in an effort to restore menstrual cyclicity and fertility [16] . We hypothesized that numerous oocytes of lower quality could be harvested from non-PCOS patients with IR, identical to the observations in PCOS patients. If this hypothesis is true, insulin sensitization treatment could be included as a treatment option for non-PCOS patients with IR. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify whether IR in non-PCOS patients affects IVF and pregnancy outcomes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Subjects

We retrospectively reviewed the patient records of 116 female non-PCOS patients who underwent first embryo transfer (ET) from January 2010 to December 2012. Inclusion criteria were a regular menstrual cycle and no sign of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Women diagnosed with PCOS were excluded. Diagnosis of PCOS was based on the 2007 guidelines of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: 1) amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, 2) clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism or high LH and normal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and 3) polycystic morphology on ultrasound (at least one ovary must contain 10 or more small cysts measuring 2 - 9 mm in diameter) [17] [18] . Women with endocrine disorders, including diabetes mellitus; hepatic and cardiovascular disorders; hyperandrogenemia, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperprolactinemia, or androgen-secreting neoplasia; and other concurrent gynecological disorders were also excluded. The study protocol was approved by the ethical review board of the University of the Ryukyus (Okinawa, Japan), and all patients submitted written, informed consent before participation in this study.

2.2. Endocrine and Metabolic Assessment

Baseline hormone levels were measured in blood samples collected after overnight fasting on day 2 or 3 of the menstrual cycle prior to the commencement of an IVF-ET cycle.

Basal serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol (E2), thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin were determined using appropriate laboratory assays, including electrochemiluminescence assay and radioimmunoassay (all obtained from Roche Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Lipid profile, including total cholesterol (Kyowa Medex Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and triglycerides (TG; Kyowa Medex Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), of each patient was assessed. Serum insulin was assayed using a competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay performed on the Lumipulse^® Presto^® II automated system (Fujirebio Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The analytical sensitivity of the insulin assay was 0.3 µIU/ml, the coefficient of variation was 10%, and there was no stated cross-reactivity with proinsulin. Plasma glucose levels were measured using the Quickauto NEO reagent (Shinotesuto Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan). IR was calculated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index [HOMA-IR = (insulin × glucose)/405]. A HOMA index of >2.5 indicated the presence of IR [19] . HOMA index is a validated surrogate marker for IR and has a good agreement with the gold standard hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp test [20] .

2.3. IVF-ET

Controlled ovarian stimulation was performed using the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist buserelin acetate (Suprecur^®; Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), which was intranasally administered at a dose of 900 μg/day from day 2 of the stimulation cycle to the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection (10,000 IU; Gonatropin, Asuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). An initial dose of 300 IU/day of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG; Teizo, Tokyo, Japan) was administered on day 3 of the cycle, followed by 225 IU/day of HMG. hCG was administered when the diameter of the two ovarian follicles were ≥18 mm. Peak E2 levels were measured before hCG administration. Transvaginal oocyte retrieval was performed 35 h after hCG administration. Oocytes were fertilized either by conventional IVF-ET or by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 4 h after retrieval. ICSI was performed for couples experiencing infertility due to a male factor. Embryos were cultured in early cleavage medium™ (IS Japan Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan) in an atmosphere containing 5% CO₂, 5% O₂, and 89% N₂ at 37˚C in an incubator (Astec Co., Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan). Embryo quality was evaluated on the basis of Veeck’s criteria, with high-quality embryos classified as grade 1. One or two embryos were transferred 3 days after oocyte retrieval using ET catheters (Kitasato Supply, Shizuoka, Japan) under ultrasound guidance. For luteal phase support, 5000 IU of hCG was injected on the day of oocyte retrieval and then on days 3 and 7. The World Health Organization classification was used for OHSS assessment. When seven or more oocytes were retrieved, surplus oocytes were cryopreserved to prevent OHSS. Day 3 cleaved embryos were vitrified by the Cryotop method on day 3, and after 2 months, the embryos were transferred. In the thawed ET cycle, transdermal E2 (Estrana^®; Hisamitu Tokyo, Japan) was used in combination with an oral progesterone (P) suppository (Chlormadinone Acetate, FUJI Pharma, Toyama, Japan) for hormonal replacement. Preparation of the endometrium was started on day 2 of the hormonal replacement cycle and was achieved using a step-up regime (1.44 - 2.88 mg). The P suppository (12 mg/day) was started on day 15. Clinical pregnancy was defined by the presence of a gestational sac and fetal heartbeat. The main outcome measures were response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, retrieved oocyte number, clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, live birth rate, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) incidence, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), premature delivery, and cesarean section.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Proportions were compared using the Fisher’s exact test or chi-square test. Continuous variables were analyzed and compared using the Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. A probability (p) value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. JMP software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.

3. Results

Based on the HOMA index calculation, 28 patients had IR, whereas 88 patients had normal insulin sensitivity. Characteristics of both patient groups are shown in Table 1. Body mass index (BMI) tended to be higher in the IR group but not significantly. No significant differences in age, basal FSH and LH/FSH levels, and lipid profiles were observed between the groups. The HOMA index was significantly higher in the IR(+) group than in the IR(−) group (5 ± 2.8 vs. 0.2 ± 0.8, p < 0.001), whereas there was no significant difference in the glucose levels or causes of infertility between the groups.

Furthermore, there were no significant differences in HMG administration days (8.7 ± 2.2 vs. 8.9 ± 0.3, p = 0.46), peak E2 levels (2352.6 ± 1524 vs. 2373 ± 1850 pg/ml, p = 0.97), retrieved oocyte number (8.7 ± 6.5 vs. 8.9 ± 4.7, p = 0.55), fertilized embryo number (4.7 ± 3.6 vs. 4.3 ± 3.0, p = 0.34), high quality embryos (G1; % of all fertilized embryos, 23.4% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.48), or OHSS incidence (one case each) between the IR(+) and IR(−) groups (Table 2). To prevent OHSS, 12 (42.9%) and 24 (27.3%) patients in the IR(+) and IR(−) groups, respectively, underwent ET with thawed cryopreserved oocytes. There were no significant differences in implantation rate (39.3% vs. 29.5%, p = 0.29), clinical pregnancy rate (32.1% vs. 26.1%, p = 0.46), delivery rate (17.9% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.4), miscarriage rate (33.3% vs. 39.1%, p = 0.76), or incidences of GDM, PIH, prema-

^*Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

^*Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

ture delivery, and cesarean section between the two groups (Table 3). There was a significant correlation between the HOMA index and BMI (r² = 0.2, p = 0.0001; Figure 1). Although we hypothesized that the HOMA index would increase with age, there was no such correlation (r² = 0.07e−3, p = 0.9; Figure 2). There was a tendency to retrieve fewer oocytes as BMI increased (r² = 0.05, p = 0.078; Figure 3). There was no correlation between the HOMA index and number of retrieved oocytes (r² = 0.002, p = 0.71; Figure 4).

4. Discussion

The present study is the first to investigate pregnancy outcomes in non-PCOS patients with and without IR following IVF. We hypothesized that more oocytes could be retrieved from non-PCOS patients with IR, but of poorer quality, than from non-PCOS patients without IR. If this hypothesis was true, insulin sensitization treatment could be included as a treatment option for non-PCOS women with IR. However, the present study showed that IR did not significantly affect the required HMG dose, peak E2 level, retrieved oocyte number, fertilized egg number, OHSS incidence, embryo quality, fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy rate, or miscarriage rate.

Dickerson et al. investigated the impact of the HOMA index and androgen levels on IVF outcomes in 49 non-PCOS patients and found a significant correlation between the free androgen index and total follicle count in patients who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation [21] . They also reported that nine patients with a HOMA-IR of ≥2.5 had significantly higher total follicle counts than 40 patients without IR. However, as in our study, they found no significant difference in the HMG dosage, retrieved oocyte number, or fertilized egg number.

In developing follicles, insulin receptors are expressed by granulosa and theca cells, and insulin is reported to cause primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles [22] . Furthermore, when follicles enter the gonadotropin-dependent stage, insulin growth factors amplify the response to FSH in granulosa cells [22] . Several studies have reported a correlation between hyperinsulinemia and IR in PCOS patients with oocyte maturation and ovulation [14] [23] . On the basis of these results, Dickerson et al. hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia was associated with an increase in the number of follicles [21] . However, they reported no significant difference in the number of retrieved oocytes between patients with and without IR.

Nafiye et al. compared the insulin levels in the serum and follicular fluid among nonobese patients with PCOS, patients with male infertility factors, and patients with unexplained infertility [24] . Although the nonobese PCOS patients had significantly higher serum insulin levels than the other two groups, there was no significant difference in intrafollicular insulin levels among the three groups. In addition, there was no correlation between the follicular fluid insulin levels and number of developing follicles in PCOS patients. These results suggest that a high serum insulin level does not necessarily result in a high follicular fluid insulin level and that there is no correlation between hyperinsulinemia and the number of developing follicles.

Nardo et al. reported a correlation between IR and elevated anti-Müllerian hormone in non-PCOS patients [25] . However, when the analysis was adjusted for age, there was no evident correlation. Thus, in a clinical setting, the presence of hyperinsulinemia may not influence the number of retrieved oocytes or frequency of OHSS. Fedorcsak et al. reported that obesity affects retrieved oocyte number and oocyte quality more than IR in PCOS patients [26] . In the present study, there was no correlation between IR level and retrieved oocyte number. Conversely, the number of retrieved oocytes tended to decrease as BMI increased (Figure 1).

For PCOS patients, although the number of retrieved oocytes increased following IVF, the oocyte quality, fertility rate, and implantation rate decreased and miscarriage rate increased [8] - [10] [27] [28] . In PCOS patients, various factors, including endocrine and local paracrine/autocrine actions, directly and indirectly interfere with oocyte maturation. The influence of extraovarian factors (i.e., LH hypersecretion, hyperandrogenemia, and hyperinsulinemia) and intraovarian factors (i.e., epidermal, fibroblast, insulin-like, and neurotrophin growth factors) is conceivable [29] . Many of these extraovarian and/or intraovarian factors may cause granulosa cell- oocyte interactions and oocyte maturation, which may potentially affect embryonic developmental competence. However, extraovarian and/or intraovarian factors may not play a role in non-PCOS patients. The findings of the present study suggest that only hyperinsulinemia does not promote an increase in retrieved oocyte number or decrease in oocyte quality, fertilization rate, or pregnancy rate.

In PCOS patients, the onset rate of GDM was significantly higher [30] -[32] , and the rates of pregnancy-in- duced hypertension, preeclampsia, premature delivery, and cesarean section were elevated [31] . Many infants had significantly lower birth weights and required treatment in a neonatal intensive care unit. However, in the present study, no significant difference in the frequency of GDM, premature delivery, or cesarean section was observed between patients with and without IR. Although only a few studies have investigated regarding this topic, we propose that IR is less likely associated with comparatively low pregnancy outcomes in non-PCOS patients.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, despite the small number of participants in this study, the results suggest that IR in non-PCOS patients has no effect on IVF outcome or perinatal prognosis. However, a large-scale prospective study is necessary to clarify the effects of IR on pregnancy outcome.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Cite this paper

KeikoMekaru,SugikoOishi,KozueAkamine,TadatsuguKinjo,ChiakiHeshiki,HitoshiMasamoto,YoichiAoki, (2016) The Effect of Insulin Resistance on In-Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer in Women without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,06,157-166. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2016.63020

References

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.