Wireless Sensor Network, 2010, 2, 447-461
doi:10.4236/wsn.2010.26056 Published Online June 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/wsn)
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
Web Services Invocation over Bluetooth
Auletta Vincenzo, Blundo Carlo, De Cristofaro Emiliano, Raimato Guerriero
Dipartimento di Informatica ed Applicazioni, Università di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
E-mail: {auletta, carblu, emidec, raimato}@dia.unisa.it
Received December 17, 2009; revised January 20, 2010; accepted January 26, 2010
Abstract
Over the last years, technology evolution is leading the way towards autonomous, ubiquitous and widespread
interactions among small computing devices. To this aim, communication technologies that support dy-
namicity and mobility and work on inexpensive small devices have attracted much attention. The Bluetooth
specication particularly ts this idea, providing a free, versatile, and exible wireless network technology
with low power consumption. On the other hand, as the degree of penetration of computational services has
increased in everyday life, users’ habits have deeply changed, resulting into an increasing request for mobile
and ubiquitous services. In a few years, most of the devices accessing the web services will be mobile.
Therefore, we need solutions that encompass networking and application issues involved in realizing mobile
and ubiquitous access to the services. In this paper, we analyze how Bluetooth can be used to design, develop,
and deploy Web Services-based applications that run on mobile devices. We propose and evaluate a frame-
work that allows the interaction with Web Services from mobile devices using Bluetooth as communication
channel.
Keywords: Bluetooth, Web Service, Communication Channel
1. Introduction
The technology evolution. Advances in communication
technologies drove a deep transformation of users habits,
in particular with an increasingly requirement of support
to mobility and connectivity. Up to a few years ago
mobile devices were very simple and resource limited.
As a result, applications produced for these devices were
bounded to the device environment. Nowadays, mobile
devices such as smartphones or PDAs have enhanced
their range of action, turning into fundamental working
instruments. Modern applications, however, require con-
nectivity and thus a critical issue for the penetration of
mobile devices is the capacity to run network applica-
tions, especially Web applications. In the last years,
several new protocols have been presented for wireless
communications, such as IRDA, WLAN, and GPRS/
UMTS. However, IRDA connections are limited to two
devices with a direct line of sight, and thus IRDA is not
practically useful for a real intercommunication scheme.
WLAN instead has been designed as a powerful techn-
ology to support multipoint connections, but penetration
of WLAN on mobile devices and particularly on smartp-
hones is still low. GPRS/UMTS are widely supported but
they provide connectivity at modest speed and require a
personal account with a phone company. At the same
time, we witnessed the growth of Bluetooth [1], that is a
low-cost, robust, powerful, and exible short-range wire-
less link layer technology with low power consumption.
It operates in a license-free frequency range, so that user
is not charged for accessing the network nor needs an
account with any company, thus allowing a relevant
decrease of communication costs. Nowadays, the evo-
lution of Bluetooth technology is driven by the Bluetooth
SIG, that consists of over 7000 member companies that
guarantee a large support to this technology. In fact,
Bluetooth technology is used in many wide-spread diffe-
rent devices, such as handhelds, mobiles, smart-phones,
laptops, PDAs. A thorough overview on Bluetooth is
given in [2] and [3].
Recent work. Lately, a research study [4] has for-
ecasted that, within a few years, most of the devices ac-
cessing the Web and Web Services will be mobile and
presumably most of them will be Bluetooth-enabled.
Therefore, we need solutions that encompass networking
and application issues involved in realizing mobile and
ubiquitous access to the services. Several research groups
are proposing frameworks for developing applications
over Bluetooth-based networks (for instance, [5] and [6])
and evaluate the possibility of using this technology for
building ad-hoc networks suitable for dedicated appli-
cations, such as voice transmission [7], audio streaming
[8], context-aware applications [9], and Internet access
point [10].
448 A. VINCENZO ET AL.
Research goals. In this paper, we analyze how Blu-
etooth can be used to design, develop, and deploy Web
Services-based applications that run on mobile devices.
In fact, we propose and evaluate a solution that allows
the interaction with Web Services from mobile devices
using Bluetooth as communication channel. We consider
a scenario where mobile devices consume Web Services
but do not offer them. Some preliminary results on the
proposed solution can be found in [11] and [12]. Also, in
[13], the authors address the problem of deploying Web
Services on mobile devices, providing a solution that
however relies on the expensive Bluetooth’s PAN prole,
which is available only on PDAs and requires a prelimi-
nary pairing of the devices.
Our solution instead relies on the standard and ine-
xpensive JSR-82 API [14] and on a tunneling mechanism
realized by an intermediate software layer to incapsulate
HTTP packets into Bluetooth ones. In this way, the con-
nections are state-less and without any preliminary pair-
ing (details are given in Section 5).
Main Contributions. Our work achieves a twofold
goal. First, our solution provides ubiquitous Bluetooth-
based access to Web Services and it is completely trans-
parent to both users and application programmers. Also,
our solution is to be widely supported at no extra cost by
mobile devices. To this aim, we have devoted our atten-
tion to the free Bluetooth technology as opposed to other
wireless technologies.
Typical applications that we have in mind are: info-
rmation retrieving (e.g., accessing train timetables in a
station) or micropayment applications (e.g., buying ticket
in a cinema or on a bus), but our solution puts no restrict-
tion on what one user can require. We designed a frame-
work in such a way that, for a programmer, it will be
very simple to port a Web Services-client application
from a desktop environment (Axis Client API-based) to a
mobile Bluetooth-enabled device. Indeed, we developed
a J2ME package (named wsbt) exposing the entire
Web-service stack to the client devices. For the program-
mer, it will be enough to change the package to import
from org.apache.axis.client to wsbt.
Windows and Linux Implementation. In this work,
we present two different implementations of our solution.
We can summarize differences between the two imple-
mentations as follows: The rst one is Windows-based,
works on top of a third-party implementation of the Java
API for using Bluetooth connections, and operates at a
high level; the second one is Linux-based and works on
top of our implementation of a Java package for exploit-
ing Bluetooth features giving to the programmer control
over several low level parameters of the Bluetooth chan-
nel. Several motivations suggested us to provide both
implementations. First of all we would like to have our
software available on both Windows and Linux, but, to
our knowledge, there is no high level implementation of
the Java API for Bluetooth for Linux, and, on the other
hand, we have no direct access to the Bluetooth stack in
Windows. The second motivation is to evaluate whether
the low level control of the Bluetooth channel makes the
programmers able to tune the communication parameters
in order to signicantly improve communication perfor-
mances, such as latency and throughput.
Hence, we remark that the implementation of the Java
API for Bluetooth in the Linux environment (that we
named JBlueZen) is a programming effort of indepen-
dently interest.
Eciency. Our performance evaluations conrm the
real applicability and lightness of the framework showing
that Bluetooth is well suited to be the transport layer for
Web Services accessing from wireless devices. It is worth-
while to notice that our proposed framework has a small
footprint. Indeed, the Java code to be put onto the client, to
get a web services client application running, needs just
50 KB of memory (including any external library).
Paper Organization. The rest of this paper is stru-
ctured as follows. In Section 2, we highlight some gen-
eral concepts about the pertinent technologies, such as
Bluetooth, J2ME, and SOAP. In Section 3, we present an
overview of our solution, and in Section 4, we show our
design choices. The framework implementing our solu-
tion is presented and described in Section 5. In Section 6,
we present the implementation of the framework client-
side; while, in Section 7, two different implementations
of the server-side are illustrated. Finally, in Section 8 we
present and comment the results of our performance
evaluations of the two proposed solutions.
2. Endorsed Technologies
The goal of this paper is to describe the design of a frame-
work that allows Java programmers to easily and directly
invoke Web Services from mobile devices over a Blue-
tooth connection. Hence, the basis for our work are Java
2 Micro Edition (J2ME) [15], the Standard Bluetooth.
Technology [16], and SOAP [17]. J2ME describes how
to write Java applications on mobile devices and denes
details for the communication between devices. Bluetooth
is a low-cost, exible, robust short-range wireless netwo-
rking technology with low-power consumption. SOAP is
a protocol for exchanging XML-based messages over
computer networks. In this section we describe all the
technologies that will be used in our framework.
2.1. The Bluetooth Wireless Technology
The Bluetooth specication was introduced in 1994 by
Ericsson to provide radio communications between mo-
bile phones, headsets and keyboards. The specications
were then released by the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group (SIG) [16] in September 1999. Within this tech-
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
A. VINCENZO ET AL. 449
nology, radio communications can take place by mean of
integrated and cheap devices with small energy con-
sumption. This technology achieves its goal by embed-
ding tiny, inexpensive, short-range transceivers into elec-
tronic devices that are available today. Bluetooth devices
operate in a license-free frequency range (starting from
2.4 GHz).
Bluetooth-enabled devices can dynamically discover
other devices in their range and their supported services,
through an inquiry process.
An overview of the Bluetooth stack is presented in
Figure 1. The radio level is the lowest one and it denes
the technical details of the communication.
The baseband layer handles channels and physical
links, providing services such as error correction and
security. It supports multipoint communications through
FH/TDMA (Frequency Hopping/Time Division Multiple
Access). The master device is in charge of dening the
hopping sequence to all the slave devices. A physical
channel is shared between the master and a slave using a
time division scheme in which data are transmitted in
one direction at time, with transmissions alternating be-
tween the two directions.
Up in the stack we nd: the Link Management Prot-
ocol (LMP) handling link setup, authentication, and link
conguration; the Host Controlle r Interface (HCI) which
provides a uniform method of accessing the Bluetooth
baseband capabilities; the Logical Link Control and Ad-
aptation Protocol (L2CAP) which deals with data multi-
plexing and segmentation. Finally, on top of L2CAP, we
nd several data communication protocols. The main
protocols are:
1) SDP (Service Discovery Protocol), which handles
the discovery of devices and services within the device’s
transmission range.
2) RFCOMM, which implements emulation of serial
connections, setting up point-to-point connections. It
supports framing and multiplexing and achieves all the
required functions for serial data exchange.
3) OBEX (Object Exchange), which is built on the top
of RFCOMM to implement exchange of objects, such as
les and vCards. Originally, it was developed by IrDA
(Infrared Data Association) for IR-enabled devices.
4) TCS (Telephony Control protocol Specication),
which denes ways to send audio calls between Blue-
tooth devices.
The Bluetooth technology is also composed by a set of
proles. Bluetooth proles describe several scenarios
where Bluetooth technology is responsible of transmis-
sion. Each scenario is described by a user model and the
corresponding prole gives a standard interface that app-
lications can use to interact with the Bluetooth protocols.
The prole concept is used to decrease the risk of inter-
operability problems between different manufacturers’
products.
In order to interface applications to the physical layer,
Figure 1. The bluetooth stack.
a Bluetooth Stack implementation is necessary. The stack
provides a standard interface between the application
layer and the Bluetooth specication. This interface is
used to overcome the compatibility problems between
the application and different Bluetooth devices. Indeed,
Bluetooth stacks are responsible of implementing the
Bluetooth wireless specications. There are several dif-
ferent stacks targeted to different devices, applications,
and operating systems. Currently available Bluetooth stack
implementations are:
1) Mobile devices vendors’ embedded stacks. Vendors
providing Bluetooth-enabled devices have to build their
own Bluetooth stack; for smartphones stack implementa-
tions obviously depend on the OS (e.g., Symbian).
2) Broadcom BTW (not free) [18]. It is addressed to
PC OEMs and accessory manufactures to quickly and
easily add Bluetooth technology to desktop PC and
notebooks running Windows.
3) Microsoft BT Stack [19]. It is the Microsoft version
of the Bluetooth stack and it is embedded in Windows
XP SP 2. It provides the support for most of Bluetooth
proles, essentially the ones based on the RFCOMM
protocol.
4) BlueZ (free and open-source) [20]. It is the Linux
Bluetooth Stack. The code is licensed under the GNU
General Public License and is included in the Linux 2.4
and Linux 2.6 kernel series. It provides a direct access to
the transmission layer and allows developers to set several
parameters of the communication.
2.2. J2ME
The J2ME (Java Platform Micro Edition) is a collection
of Java APIs for developing applications targeted to re-
source-constrained devices such as PDAs and smartph-
ones. Formally, J2ME is an abstract specication, but the
term is frequently used also to refer to runtime imple-
mentations. The advantages of using Java as program-
ing language are code portability and an increase of mo-
bile devices exibility. In particular, it provides support
for deploying dedicated applications, named MIDlets, on
the mobile device. They allow programmers to increase
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
450 A. VINCENZO ET AL.
available features and capabilities of mobile devices. Since
the range of micro devices is so diversied and wide,
J2ME was designed as a collection of congurations,
where each conguration is tailored to a class of devices.
Each conguration consists of a Java Virtual Machine
and a collection of classes that provide a programming
environment for the applications. Congurations are co-
mpleted by proles, which add classes to provide add-
itional features suitable to a particular set of devices.
J2ME denes two congurations: the Connected Device
Conguration (CDC) [21] and the Co nnec ted Limited
Device Conguration (CLDC) [22].
CDC is addressed to small, resource-constrained de-
vices such as TV set-top boxes, auto telematics. It can
add a graphical user interface and other functionalities;
CLDC, instead, is addressed to devices with limited
memory capacity. In this paper, we restrict our attention
to the CLDC conguration. CLDC is a low level speci-
cation that includes a set of APIs providing basic features
for resource-constrained devices, such as smartphones
and PDAs. Producers should add features to CLDC by
providing new libraries and thus creating a Prole. The
rst prole proposed for CLDC was the MIDP (Mobile
Information Device Prole) [23]. MIDP is a set of Java
libraries that permits to create an application environ-
ment for mobile devices with limited resources. Here,
limitations include: amount of available memory, com-
putational power, network communications with strong
latency, and low bandwidth. MIDP 1.0 specication was
produced by MIDPEG (MIDP Expert Group), as part of
the JSR-37 [24] standardization effort; while, the MIDP
2.0 specication was released with the JSR-118 [25]
standardization effort. MIDP 2.0 devices have to meet
the following requirements:
1) Memory, 250 KB of non volatile memory for MIDP
components, 8 KB for user data.
2) Display, 96 × 54 resolution, 1-bit color depth, 1:1
aspect ratio.
3) Networking, bidirectional and wireless communica-
tion, limited bandwidth.
2.3. JSR-82
Although the synergy between MIDP and J2ME techno-
logies supplies a large number of communication schemes,
it does not provide support for the Bluetooth technology.
Therefore, the Java Expert Group JSR-82 [14] introdu-
ced the Java APIs for Bluetooth Wireless Technology
(JABWT) that provides a standard and high-level support
for handling Bluetooth communications in Java applic-
ations. These APIs operate on top of CLDC to extend
MIDP functionalities. Their development is still in pro-
gress, but about twenty mobile vendors have adopted
them in their devices. The last released version (Version
1.1) provides support for:
1) Data transmission on the Bluetooth channel (audio
and video are not supported).
2) Protocols: L2CAP, RFCOMM, SDP, OBEX.
3) Proles: GAP, SDAP, SPP, GOEP
The Generic Access Prole (GAP) denes the generic
procedures related to discovery of Bluetooth devices and
link management aspects of connecting to Bluetooth de-
vices. The Service Discovery Application Prole (SDAP)
denes the features and procedures for an application in
a Bluetooth device to discover services registered in
other Bluetooth devices and retrieve any desired avail-
able information pertinent to these services. The Serial
Port Prole (SPP) denes the requirements for Bluetooth
devices’ necessary for setting up emulated serial cable
connections using RFCOMM between two peer devices.
The Generic Object Exchange Prole (GOEP) denes
the requirements for Bluetooth devices necessary for the
support of the object exchange usage models.
The interaction between the J2ME environment and
the Bluetooth API is shown in Figure 2. Using JABWT,
it is possible to interact with the Bluetooth stack in a Java
application. In particular, it is possible to call services
such as device and service discovery, establishment of
RFCOMM, L2CAP, and OBEX connections.
In order to use the Java APIs for Bluetooth, a real imp-
lementation of the JSR-82 specication is necessary on
the device. The current JSR-82 implementations are:
1) Mobile devices vendors’ embedded JSR-82 imple-
mentations.
2) Atinav aveLink suite (not free) [26]. It offers both
an implementation of the Bluetooth stack and the imple-
mentation of all the standard proles for ANSI C, JSR-
82 for J2SE Java, JSR-82 for J2ME, Windows and Win-
dows CE.
3) Impronto Rococo (not free) [27]. It is a complete
product that provides the Bluetooth Stack and the inte-
gration layer, the JVM and the JSR-82 implementation
layer both for J2SE and J2ME.
4) Avetana (not free) [28]. It enables writing J2SE ap-
plications to access the Bluetooth layer; it is available for
Windows, MacOS X, and Linux platforms.
Figure 2. J2ME-Bluetooth API interaction architecture.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
A. VINCENZO ET AL. 451
5) BlueCove (free) [29]. It provides the Java JSR-82
support for J2SE applications over the Windows XP SP2
Bluetooth stack.
2.4. SOAP
SOAP is a lightweight protocol for exchanging informa-
tion in a distributed environment. It is an XML based
protocol consisting of three parts: an envelope that denes
a framework for describing what is in a message and
how to process it, a set of encoding rules for ex-pressing
instances of application-dened datatypes, and a conven-
tion for representing remote procedure calls and respo-
nses [30].
In our framework the client application runs on a mo-
bile device; it is implemented as a MIDlet and commu-
nicates with the Web Services Container through SOAP
messages. Thus, we need a J2ME-compatible library that
can be used in a MIDlet to serialize/deserialize messages
according to the SOAP specication. Our framework
uses the kSOAP library [31] to serialize/deserialize the
messages on the client side. The kSOAP library provides
highlevel classes to construct the envelope, the body, and
the header of the SOAP message and to specify their
elements. Such a library supports a subset of SOAP 1.1
features. Indeed, the library supports only simple data
types such as strings, integers, etc. However, it is possi-
ble to extend these basic functionalities so that any com-
plex datatype can be included in the SOAP message. One
has to simply provide custom classes for these data types.
Such classes have to implement the Java KvmSerializ-
able interface.
3. Architecture Overview
In this section we will present a lightweight framework
that allows an application programmer to design client
applications running on mobile Bluetooth-enabled de-
vices that invoke remote Web Services. We assume a
client-server interaction, where client and server commu-
nicate over a Bluetooth channel using SOAP [17] as
messaging system. We refer to the common scenario
shown in Figure 3.
We refer to the usual architecture, where a client exc-
hanges SOAP messages with a server using HTTP as the
transport protocol to invoke a Web Service. We observe
that wireless communication by means of HTTP over
GPRS and wLAN is widely supported. On these chan-
nels it is easy to create an HTTP connection and invoke
remote Web Services using HTTP as a transport protocol.
However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no imp-
lemented support for executing an HTTP POST opera-
tion over a Bluetooth channel within a J2ME MIDlet. To
overcome this limitation, we introduced in our framework
a new entity (i.e., a distributed proxy) that takes care of
binding SOAP messages to the Bluetooth transport prot-
ocol. Such entity interfaces clients to Web Services Con-
tainers. In this way, we can maintain the same server-
side architecture and guarantee the interoperability of the
application running on the mobile device with any Web
Service (see Figure 4). Therefore, the architecture of our
framework is based on three different entities:
1) CLIENT. It runs on a Bluetooth-enabled mobile
device and it invokes the Web Service on a Bluetooth
channel.
2) PROXY. It interfaces clients with the Web Services
Container.
3) WSC. The Web Services Container replies to clie-
nts’ requests communicating through the PROXY.
4. Design Choices
Our design choices descend from our prerequisites of
having a framework to invoke web services over a Blue-
tooth connection that is:
1) Transparent: in the sense that it should allow progr-
ammers to develop device-independent applications.
2) Data independent: in the sense that client applicati-
ons could exchange any kind of data, even user-dened.
Moreover, as implementation constraint, we restricted
our attention to license free implementation of the Bluet-
ooth stack.
In order to obtain transparency to programmers, we
have to use the JSR-82 API standard [14], allowing appl-
ications to run both on mobile devices with limited
computation power using J2ME as environment and on
powerful computer machines using J2SE environment.
Then, to our knowledge, we have only two alternatives
that are license free.
1) To use the BlueCove JSR-82 implementation that
interfaces with the Microsoft Bluetooth stack found in
Windows XP starting from the SP2 version.
2) To use BlueZ, the Linux Bluetooth stack, and pro-
vide a JSR-82 implementation for BlueZ.
Obviously, the rst choice is an off the shelf solution;
while, the second one requires an in-house development.
Figure 3. Our scenario.
Figure 4. Proxy invocation scenario.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
452 A. VINCENZO ET AL.
But the latter allows us to operate in a completely free
and open environment. Besides, BlueCove, when used
on winsock, supports only RFCOMM as communication
protocol and it does not allow setting low level parame-
ters on the connection as BlueZ does. Since our goal is to
perform remote procedure calls using the Web Services
technology, we have considered two solutions for the
message exchanging protocol: XML-RPC [32] and SOAP
[17]. XML-RPC is a way to perform procedure calling
using HTTP as transport protocol and XML as encoding
protocol; while, SOAP is a lightweight protocol for exc-
hange of information in a decentralized and distributed
environment. To have a complete data independent inf-
rastructure, we have chosen JAX-RPC [33]. In fact, even
if XML-RPC is lighter, easier to use for developing pur-
poses and more suitable to the bandwidth limitation of
the Bluetooth channel, the JAX-RPC solution provides
more powerful features and advantages:
1) SOAP passes parameters by name while XML-RPC
passes parameters by position, resulting in a dependance
on the order of parameters.
2) SOAP allows user-dened record types by extendi-
ng the XML document using XML Schemas; while,
XML-RPC only allows the base types dened in the
specication.
3) Both SOAP and XML-RPC support passing binary
data in an XML document using Base-64 encoding, but
XML-RPC denes string parameters as being ASCII text.
Some XML-RPC servers will enforce this, forcing the
user to pass internationalized text as Base-64 encoded
data.
4) XML-RPC is dened as operating over an HTTP
connection, while SOAP describes the envelope format
for an RPC request which may be sent over HTTP,
SMTP, or any other protocol.
In particular, we consider the Axis Client API [34] as
the model for carrying out client-side interactions. Axis-
Client is part of the Axis API [35]. This API is license
free and it is the most diffused free SOAP engine. Since
in our scenario client applications are mobile and run on
resource-constrained devices, we consider the kSOAP
[31] library, a SOAP API suitable for the Java 2 Mic-
roEdition, based on kXML [36]. The feature set of
kSOAP is a subset of SOAP 1.1 features. It provides
classes and methods to construct the envelope, the body,
and the header of the SOAP message and to specify their
elements.
5. The WSBT Framework
The goal of our work is to investigate the possibility of
using Bluetooth as the communication channel for Web
Service invocation from a mobile client. J2ME and JSR-
82 give an appropriate programming environment for
achieving our goal, but they do not provide the required
support for directly accessing a Web Services Container
over a Bluetooth connection from a mobile client. This is
due to the impossibility of addressing IP-based transport
protocols (e.g., HTTP, FTP, ...) using Bluetooth as the
physical layer. Bluetooth SIG does dene appropriate
proles and protocols, (e.g., PAN prole) but their use
requires a preliminary pairing of the devices. Thus, a
middleware needs to be created on top of the operating
system level to incapsulate HTTP packets in the Blue-
tooth ones. However, Bluetooth communications establ-
ished within the JSR-82 API are state-less and without
any preliminary pairing. They only allow sending and
receiving bytes over L2CAP or RFCOMM connections.
For this reason, we implemented a tunneling mechanism
by introducing an intermediate software layer which acts
as a distributed proxy to achieve Web Services invocat-
ion over Bluetooth. Our PROXY allows application dev-
elopers to deploy Web Services client applications with
no extra work required to use Bluetooth as the physical
layer. The PROXY is a double sided software entity:
1) MASTER (server-side of the PROXY). It extends
the Web Service Container (WSC) features to accept
requests coming over the Bluetooth channel. It acts as a
master device, accepting incoming requests and sending
back responses.
2) SLAVE (client-side of the PROXY). It lies on the
smartphone and essentially it binds SOAP messages to
the Bluetooth physical layer.
The result is a lightweight framework, which we named
WSBT (Web Service over Bluetooth). Our proposed fra-
mework has a small footprint. Indeed, the code of the
jars that need to be put onto the client to get a web serv-
ices client application running needs just 50 KB of mem-
ory (this gure also include the kSOAP library whose
size is 41 KB). The entities of WSBT are shown in Fig-
ure 5, where a CLIENT addresses Web Services on the
Container through the use of the two-sided proxy.
The invocation of a service on WSC is executed by fol-
lowing the next steps which are summarized in Figure 6:
1) The CLIENT uses the classical mechanism to inv-
oke a Web Service, ignoring the presence of the Proxy
and all the details about the Bluetooth communication.
2) The SLAVE is in charge of serializing data to prep-
are SOAP requests for a remote Web Service.
3) The SLAVE discovers the MASTER and estab-
lishes a Bluetooth connection (either L2CAP or RFCOMM)
to send the SOAP request message as a raw byte stream.
4) The MASTER receives the byte stream representing
the SOAP message and posts it to the WSC.
5) The WSC elaborates the SOAP request message
and returns a SOAP response message that is bound in
the HTTP POST response packet.
6) The MASTER forwards back responses over the
Bluetooth channel as rough byte stream, without interp-
reting them.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
A. VINCENZO ET AL. 453
Figure 5. The entities of the WSBT framework.
Figure 6. Sequence diagram of the WSBT framework.
7) The SLAVE receives the byte stream from the
Bluetooth channel, reconstructs the SOAP return mes-
sage, deserializes it, and returns results to the CLIENT.
6. Proxy’s Client-Side (SLAVE)
In order to guarantee transparency to the programmers,
we want to design APIs such that all details related to the
use of Bluetooth as the communication channel are hidden.
Our APIs are modeled on the AXIS Client API and impl-
ement Web Services invocations in a JAX-RPC [33]
compliant way. To this aim, we developed a J2ME pack-
age (wsbt) whose structure is given in Figure 7. The Call
class is the core of our framework and it is in charge of
implementing the invocation mechanism. It provides
methods of the Axis Client’s Call interface [37]. Theref-
ore, porting a Web Services-client application from a
desktop environment (Axis Client API-based) to a mob-
Figure 7. Structure of the wsbt Java Package.
ile Bluetooth-enabled device is very simple. Indeed, it
is enough to change the package to import form org.
apache.axis.client to our wsbt.
Figure 8 depicts the fragment of a Java code for the
invocation of a simple EchoString service. Invocations
involving user-dened classes are not much harder to
code: they only require the registration of the type mapp-
ing.
The actual invocation is carried out by the invoke
method. This method, whose code is given in Figure 9,
takes as input the list of parameters and constructs a
SOAP message. This SOAP message is serialized and
then sent over the Bluetooth channel, as a raw array of
bytes. Finally, the method waits for the SOAP response
message, deserializes it and returns it. More precisely,
the invoke method performs the following operations:
1) Create a SoapObject through the use of the kSOAP
library. We need to specify the namespace for the soap
object and the operation name associated to the Call obj-
ect.
2-5) Add to the SoapObject, through the method
addProperty, all the input parameters for the operation
associated with the Call object.
6) Serialize the SoapObject, i.e., create an XML mes-
sage representing the SOAP request. Details are hidden
into the private method serialize.
7-8) Create an instance of the BTClient class and use
the performInvocation method to send the SoapRequest
message over the Bluetooth channel and to get the Soap-
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454 A. VINCENZO ET AL.
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Response.
9) Deserialize the response by invoking the private
method deserialize and return the result.
We remark that the Bluetooth communication is hand-
led by the BtClient class. When the performInvocation
method of the BtClient object is invoked the following
operations are performed:
1) Discovery of the Bluetooth Master;
2) Instauration of a L2CAP or RFCOMM channel;
3) Transmission of the request message over the chan-
nel and reception of the response message.
The code of performInvocation is given in Figure 10.
7. Proxy’s Server-Side (MASTER)
The server-side of the proxy will run as a J2SE applica-
tion on a desktop computer. Design of this part has been
driven by the requirements described in Section 4.
As previously discussed, the MASTER accepts client
Bluetooth connections, gets SOAP requests, posts them
to the WSC, and sends back obtained SOAP responses. It
consists of two main classes: the BTServer and the
Poster.
The BTServer class takes care of:
1) setting the device in discoverable mode
2) activating a listening connection
3) accepting incoming connections
4) performing I/O on the Bluetooth channel
5) instantiate a Poster object, passing to it the URL of
the service to invoke and the SOAP request to send.
The Poster class is in charge of:
1) performing an HTTP post operation on the WSC,
using the Apache Common s Http-Client package
2) giving back the SOAP request to the BTServer object
Figure 8. Invocation of the EchoString service.
Figure 9. Java code for invoke.
Figure 10. Java code for the performInvocation method of BTClient class.
A. VINCENZO ET AL. 455
In order to have a licence-free and JSR-82 compliant
implementation of our Proxy’s server-side, we have con-
sidered two alternatives:
To use BlueCove [29], the free implementation of the
JSR-82 API is within the Microsoft Windows XP SP2.
To use BlueZ [20], the Linux Bluetooth stack, and
provide a JSR-82 implementation for BlueZ.
7.1. BlueCove-Based Implementation
BlueCove [29] is a free implementation of the JSR-82
API that runs over the Windows XP SP2 Bluetooth stack.
When used on winsock, it only provides the support for
RFCOMM protocol, which is the emulation of a serial
port communication enabling programmers to open in-
bound DataInputStream and outbound DataOutputStream.
According to the JSR-82 API, the Bluetooth listener is
implemented by a Notifier object, which handles a Stream-
Connection. Figure 11 shows main steps of the proxy’s
server-side.
The Java-code in Figure 11 executes the following
operations:
1) Set the device in discoverable mode.
2-3) Activate a listening connection on localhost, on
the channel 1, named “rfcomm test”.
4) Accept incoming connections.
5) Open an InputStream on the connection.
6-7) Read data on the stream.
8-9) Post the SOAP request at the specied address,
using the Poster class, to get the Soap response.
10) Open an OutputStream on the connection.
11) Write data, i.e., the Soap response.
7.2. JBlueZen: BlueZ-based JSR-82 API
Implementation
BlueZ is the implementation of the Bluetooth stack inc-
luded in the Linux kernels 2.4 and 2.6. It gives to pro-
grammers direct access to the transmission layers and
allows to set up several communication parameters to
tune the transmission to the application characteristics.
To our knowledge, there is no JSR-82 implementation
that runs over BlueZ and thus we have written our own.
As presented in Figure 12, the BlueZ stack offers to
programmers a Berkeley socket interface (C-based) to
handle L2CAP, RFCOMM, and SDP features. As a re-
sult, we had to implement a set of C functions which
access Berkeley sockets in order to accomplish data ex-
change and service discovery. These functions will be
then interfaced with Java applications through the use of
the Java Native Interface (JNI) [38]. The resulting
scheme is the Java-JNI package presented in Figure 13,
which we named JBlueZen. Programming on RFCOMM
sockets to build a RFCOMM server is very similar to
programming on TCP/IP sockets, with some relevant
differences like the maximum number of allowed ports
(65536 for TCP/IP, 30 for RFCOMM) and different
functions for the byte-ordering (big-endian, littleendian).
The main steps performed by our implementation to
open a listening RFCOMM socket are shown in Figure
14.
1) Create a socket: AF BLUETOOTH indicates that
we are using the Bluetooth communication channel,
SOCK STREAM that it is stream-oriented service, and
BTPROTO RFCOMM that we are using RFCOMM.
2-4) Populate the loc addr structure used to set infor-
mation over the Bluetooth adapter in the bind system call:
use Bluetooth as the communication channel, accept
connection from any device and on the specied channel
(i.e., the RFCOMM mechanism for implementing a
port).
5) Bind the socket on a listen port.
6) Listen on the socket for incoming connections.
7) Accept incoming connections and get a commun-
ication socket through.
We remark that using the setsockopt system call, it is
also possible to set some socket options, such as the au-
thentication and encryption to use on the Bluetooth
transmission, or the device role (MASTER or SLAVE).
For L2CAP, it can also be set the maximum amount of
consecutive bytes that can be sent/received on the con-
nection (MTU).
The mechanism for L2CAP is similar to RFCOMM
and it is shown in Figure 15. The only difference here is
the type of socket to be used: SOCK SEQPACKET in-
stead of SOCK STREAM.
The last protocol to implement is the Service Discov-
ery, which requires a bit more coding effort. BlueZ pro-
vides a set of C functions to address service discovery
Figure 11. Java code for RFC
OM
M implementation proxy’s server-side.
C
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456 A. VINCENZO ET AL.
Figure 12. The BlueZ Bluetooth stack.
Figure 13. The JBlueZen package.
features both on the ‘server’ side and on the ‘client’ side.
To implement the discovery in the JSR-82 standard way,
on the server-side, we had to handle the service record
and register services on it; on the client-side we had to
access the HCI to perform inquiry and connect to the
SDP server running on the remote device to get all the
info. The last step was to provide a Java interface (JBlue-
Zen) to the described functions we implemented in C.
This was made through the use of the JNI to implement
all the communication (L2CAP and RFCOMM) and the
discovery features in the JSR-82 standard way.
7.3. JBlueZen-Based Implementation
Using the Java interface of our package JBlueZen, we
are able to implement the MASTER (proxy’s server-side)
on Linux. The mechanism is similar to the Windows
implementation, but in this case we can choose among
two different communication protocols: L2CAP and
RFCOMM and we can set many parameters on the
Bluetooth connection which were xed in the Windows
implementation, such as the device role (MASTER or
SLAVE) or the types of packet to use (DH-DM 1-3-5).
Obviously, the code fragment that uses the RFCOMM
implementation is identical to the code given in Figure
14. The L2CAP implementation is instead implemented
as shown in Figure 16.
The Java code in Figure 16 executes the following
operations:
1) Set the device in discoverable mode.
2) Activate a listening connection on the localhost, on
the psm 1001, named “testl2cap”, and with the desired
settings. Remark that psm is the Protocol Service Multip-
lexer and is the mechanism used by L2CAP to implement
multiplexing on connections.
3) Accept incoming connections.
4-5) Get the in/outbound maximum transfer unit.
6) Read data on the stream.
7-8) Post the SOAP request at the specied address,
using the Poster class, to get the Soap response.
9) Write data on the connection.
8. Performance Evaluation
In this section, we present the results of several experim-
ents that we ran to evaluate the real applicability and the
lightness of the deployed framework. We also compare
the performances of the two different implementations
that we described in the previous sections. For our expe-
riments, we set up the following small test-bed:
1) (Linux) Server-side: Workstation HP XW6000,
Xeon 2.8 GHz Dual-Processor, 2 GB RAM, with Trust
BT 180 Bluetooth USB dongle, running Fedora Core 4
with 2.6.11 Linux Kernel.
C
opyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
A. VINCENZO ET AL. 457
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
Figure 14. C-code to open a RFCOMM listening socket on BlueZ.
Figure 15. C-code to open a L2CAP listening socket on BlueZ.
Figura 16. Java code for L2CAP implementatio of Proxy’s server-side.
2) (Windows) Server-side: Workstation HP XW6000,
Xeon 2.8 GHz Dual-Processor, 2 GB RAM, with Trust
BT 180 Bluetooth USB dongle, running Windows XP
SP2.
3) Client-side: Nokia 6630 Smartphone with Symbian
OS, MIDP 2.0 and JSR-82 APIs support.
Our tests were aimed to evaluate the effciency of our
framework in terms of used bandwidth and of serialize-
tion/deserialization performances. Thus, we had to meas-
ure times for serializing and deserializing messages and
transmission times over the Bluetooth channel. Noticing
that on a Bluetooth channel transmission and receiving
times are signicantly different. In fact, usually Bluet-
ooth stack implementations assign a much larger bandw-
idth to master-slave communications than to slave-master
ones. Thus, the same message will require more time to
be transmitted from the mobile device to the container
than to be transmitted from the container to the mobile.
In our experiments, we invoked a test Web Service impl-
ementing just an echo service and measured only the
transmission time from the mobile device to the cont-
ainer. Clearly, these times are an upper bound to the
times we could measure for transmissions in the other
direction. We also measured the serialization/deserializa-
tion times on the mobile device. Noticing that these op-
erations are local to the mobile device and their execu-
tion times do not depend on our framework but only on
the implementation of the Java Virtual Machine and of
the KSOAP library that are used on the mobile device.
However, we have measured these times to evaluate the
lightness and effectiveness of our framework for devel-
oping applications invoking web services from mobile
devices with limited resources.
To have a comprehensive analysis of the performances
of our framework several experiments were run. In the
rst experiment, we measured times necessary to comp-
lete a client request. We repeated the same experiment
using both the Blue-Cove-based implementation and the
JBlueZen-based implementation in order to compare the
effciency of the two implementations. The second expe-
riment was aimed to isolate and evaluate the impact of
serialization and deserialization on the performance of
the framework. The third experiment was aimed to
measure the discovery delay. In fact, our framework allo-
ws clients to dynamically discover Bluetooth servers by
handling Bluetooth specication policies for devices and
services discovery. In our last experiment, we tested
framework’s performances with different Bluetooth com-
munication modalities, taking advantage of the capacity
of the JBlueZenbased implementation to modify some
458 A. VINCENZO ET AL.
low-levels Bluetooth communication parameters.
8.1. Transmission Times
Our rst experiment was aimed to evaluate the time req-
uired to transmit a message on the mobile-container
channel with respect to the size of the message. We
measured the time taken to complete the invocation of
the send method in the performInvocation method (see
Figure 10). Notice that, since the IO is blocking, the send
method returns only when all input data is sent and an
ACK is received from the container for the correct rece-
ption of the last data byte. To compare our two implem-
entations we repeated the experiment in three different
cases: using the JBlueZen-based implementation both
with a RFCOMM or L2CAP connection and using the
BlueCove-based implementation with a RFCOMM conn-
ection. We remark that BlueCove, when used on winsock,
does not allow setting a L2CAP connection.
We distinguished two cases: unstructured and structured
messages. In the rst case, we assumed that the message
consists of a string (array of bytes) and we ran tests for
strings of size ranging from 0.5 KB to 30 KB (the size is
increased by 0.5 KB in each test). We were not able to
perform tests for larger strings since in the JVM deplo-
yed on the mobile device used in our experiments (i.e.,
Nokia 6630) it is not possible to instantiate String objects
of size greater than 30 KB. In the second case, we assu-
med that messages contain complex data types. Our
framework represents complex data types as JavaBeans.
We assumed that the request message contains an array
of Address objects, which consist of six String objects of
xed length and two Integer objects. We measured
transmission times with respect to the length of the array
and we ran tests for array lengths ranging from 1 to 65.
Figure 17 shows message lengths with respect to the
length of the array. For each test, we repeated the invoc-
ation 50 times and computed the average times. To
guarantee that for each iteration the device were in the
same initial conditions, we used dedicated threads. In
fact, for each invocation a new thread was created and
destroyed after the operation.
Figures 18 and 19 show transmission times for unstr-
uctured messages with respect to the size of the string.
Notice that the size of the string is not equal to the size of
the message sent on the Bluetooth channel (we have to
consider additional bytes inserted by KSOAP and by the
serializer). However, we have observed that this overh-
ead is constant (approx. 500 bytes) and it does not depend
on the string’s size. It can be seen that our two impleme-
ntations are equivalent when using the RFCOMM com-
munication modality, while L2CAP communication mo-
dality is 20% more effcient.
Figure 20 shows transmission times for structured
messages with respect to the length of the array using a
Figure 17. Array of address objects: message length (in
bytes) vs. array length.
Figure 18. Times to send unstructured data using the
RFCOMM communication modality.
Figure 19. Times to send unstructured data using the L2
CAP communication modality.
RFCOMM connection. Our experiments show that the
two implementations are equivalent but the BlueCove-
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
A. VINCENZO ET AL. 459
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN
based implementation is a little bit more effcient. More-
over, the average throughput is around 10 KBps. Finally,
Figure 21 shows transmission times for L2CAP connec-
tions (in the BlueZen-based implementation). As expe-
cted, performances are slightly more effcient using L2
CAP than usign RFCOMM.
8.2. Serialization-Deserialization
The second experiment was aimed to measure the proc-
essing times for serialization and deserialization to
evaluate lightness of our framework. Figure 22 shows
times to serialize and deserialize SOAP messages con-
taining arrays of Address objects with respect to the
length of the array. Notice that serialization/deseraliziation
times are equal for both our implementations since they
depend only on the implementation of the Java Virtual
Machine and of KSOAP library. We can observe that,
when the array length is large enough, serialization is
heavier than deserialization: differences between seriali-
zation and deserialization times are due to the different
behavior of the kSOAP when parsing and serializing
XML documents.
It can be seen that the serialization time increases
linearly with the length of the message and it weights
less than 1/3 of the transmission time. Thus, we can state
that our framework is suffciently light and it has no dra-
matic impact on the effciency of the framework.
8.3. Discovery
This experiment was aimed to measure the discovery
delay. In fact, our framework allows the client to dynam-
ically discover Bluetooth servers and not to be bounded
to hard-coded settings. For this reason, the framework
handles Bluetooth specication policies for devices and
services discovery.
We ran 50 discovery operations, getting only 1 timeout
error (see Figure 23). In all the other cases, we measured
a discovery delay that is around 14.5 seconds. However,
introducing a cache mechanism to store addresses of
recently used Bluetooth devices we were able to reduce
delays to a few hundreds milliseconds (see Figure 24).
Figure 20. Total times to send structured data using RFCOMM communication modality.
Figure 21. Total times to send structured data using L2CAP communication modality.
460 A. VINCENZO ET AL.
Figure 22. Serialization and deserialization times for an ar-
ray of Address objects.
Figure 23. Discovery delay.
Figure 24. Discovery delay using cache.
9. Conclusions
In this paper, we presented a framework to allow applic-
ations running on mobile devices to invoke Web-Servi-
ces over a Bluetooth-connection. We gave two different
implementations of our framework, and give an extens-
ive analysis of their performances. We can summarize
differences between the two implementations as follows:
the rst implementation is Windowsbased and works on
top of BlueCove, that is a third-party free implementa-
tion of the JSR-82 API that runs over the Windows XP
SP2 Bluetooth Stack; the second one is Linux-based and
works on top of our implementation of a Java package
for exploiting Bluetooth features giving to the program-
mer control over several low level parameters of the
Bluetooth channel.
Our experiments conrm the real applicability and
lightness of the framework showing that Bluetooth is
well suited to be the transport layer for Web Services
accessing from wireless devices. Moreover, our tests
show that the Windows-based implementation is a little
bit more effcient when using the RFCOMM communica-
tion modality, but the Linuxbased implementation ob-
tains the best performances when using the L2CAP com-
munication modality.
We think that results presented in this paper show that
Bluetooth is a good candidate to be the leading commun-
ication technology to provide access to the Web from
mobile, low cost devices.
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Copyright © 2010 SciRes. WSN