On the Cohomological Derivation of Yang-Mills Theory in the Antifield Formalism

doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2017.32031

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
Vol.03 No.02(2017), Article ID:75808,20 pages
10.4236/jhepgc.2017.32031

Ashkbiz Danehkar^1,2

●How to Cite this Article

¹Faculty of Physics, University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania

²Present Address: Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received: January 17, 2017; Accepted: April 27, 2017; Published: April 30, 2017

ABSTRACT

We present a brief review of the cohomological solutions of self-coupling interactions of the fields in the free Yang-Mills theory. All consistent interactions among the fields have been obtained using the antifield formalism through several order BRST deformations of the master equation. It is found that the coupling deformations halt exclusively at the second order, whereas higher order deformations are obstructed due to non-local interactions. The results demonstrate the BRST cohomological derivation of the interacting Yang-Mills theory.

Keywords:

Yang-Mills Theory, BRST Symmetry, BRST Cohomology, Antifield Formalism

1. Introduction

Dirac’s pioneering approach [1] [2] [3] has been used for constrained systems in quantum field theory [4] [5] [6] . This approach allowed us to construct the action in either Lagrangian or Hamiltonian forms [7] [8] , while both of them are equivalent [9] . In this way, the Hamiltonian quantization is derived using canonical variables (coordinate and momentum) involving constrained dynamics [10] - [15] . Physical variables of a constrained system possess gauge invariance and locally independent symmetry. The gauge symmetry introduces some arbitrary time independent functions to the Hamilton’s equations of motion. We notice that all canonical variables are not independent. Therefore, some conditions for canonical variables are required to be imposed, i.e., the first- and second-class constraints. Furthermore, the framework should be generalized to include both commutative (bosonic) and anticommutative (fermionic) variables in constrained systems.

To generalize constrained systems for canonical conditions and (anti-)com- mutative variables, Becchi, Rouet, Stora [16] [17] [18] , and Tyutin [19] developed the BRST formalism to extend the gauge symmetry in terms of the BRST differential and co-/homological classes. The aim was to replace the original gauge symmetry with the BRST symmetry. Noting that the gauge symmetry can be constructed from a nilpotent derivation, so the gauge action is invariant under a nilpotent symmetry, called the BRST symmetry. By replacing the original gauge symmetry with the BRST symmetry, antifield, ghosts, and antighosts are introduced for each gauge variable [20] [21] . It yields a generalized framework for solutions of the equations of motion [22] [23] . Moreover, BRST cohomology extended by the antifield formalism [23] - [30] allowed us to construct all consistent interactions among the fields using coupling deformations of the master equation [31] [32] . The BRST-antifield formalism appears as efficient mathematical tool to analyze the consistent interactions, and has been applied to many gauge models, e.g., Yang-Mills model [33] , topological Yang-Mills model [34] , 5-D topological BF model [35] , and 5-D dual linearized gravity coupled to topological BF model [36] .

In this paper, we briefly review the construction of all consistent interactions of the free Yang-Mills theory determined from all coupling deformations of the master equation. We see that the resulting action presents deformed structures of the gauge transformation and yields a commutator for it. In Section 2, the BRST differential and the antifield formalism are introduced. Section 3 introduces the consistent interactions among the fields. We consider the BRST coupling deformations of the master equations in the antifield formalism in Section 4. In Section 5, we demonstrate its application to the massless Yang-Mills theory by calculating all several order deformation of the master equation. Section 6 presents a conclusion.

2. BRST Differential

The gauge invariant in a phase space implies that the smooth phase space is substituted by the smooth manifold of the constraint surface while the elements of vanish due to the longitudinal exterior derivative on manifold. The manifold, which is embedded in a phase space and a set of vectors tangent to, and is closed on it, presents the definition of the gauge orbits. It manifests the presentation of a nilpotent derivation, the so-called BRST differential, that includes an algebra involving, where the cohomology of indicates that the gauge transformations of the constraint surface are constant along the gauge orbits (denoted by).

The reduced space, by taking over gauge orbits, denote by algebra, includes all variables of the gauge invariant. However, it is not possible to construct from physical observables, as one cannot solve equations defining and trace the gauge orbits. Hence, the BRST symmetry should be used to reformulate the physical observables in a convenient approach. To construct the BRST differential, two auxiliary derivations and are introduced. The differential of the first derivation is called the Koszul-Tate differential that yields a resolution of the smooth manifold of the constraint surface. The second differential is called the longitudinal differential along the gauge orbits in such its zeroth cohomology group provides the functions on the surface being constant along the gauge orbits. Hence, the BRST differential is decomposed into [22] [23] [27]

(1)

whose cohomology is equal to the cohomology of the longitudinal differential, while the Koszul-Tate differential restricts it to the constrains surface. Note that the BRST symmetry acts as a general odd derivation on the original fields and some auxiliary fields (antifields and ghosts), which are equipped for any and with Grassmann parity and:

(2)

(3)

where or 1 for bosonic (commutative) or fermionic (anticommutative) variable, respectively.

Any nilpotent derivation has a degree in a -grading space denoted by

(4)

The positive degree of the differential increases the grading while the negative degree decreases it, i.e. depending on the degree of the differential operator. The grading of is the so-called ghost number (), equal to one, consists of the pureghost number () and the antighost number ():

(5)

with the following property

(6)

where the operators and stand for the pureghost and antighost numbers, respectively. For the Koszul-Tate differential and the longitudinal differential, we get:

(7)

such. The differentials and increase the ghost number by one unit. The differential reduces the antighost number, but maintains the pureghost number, whereas the differential increases the pureghost number, but maintains the antighost number.

The cohomology algebra of the differential is, where the elements of the kernel subspace, , are closed and vanish via the differential:

(8)

while the elements of its image subspace, , are exact:

(9)

The cohomology algebra of, denoted by (is a cohomology degree), exists if its degree is positive, whereas its homology algebra, denoted by, has a negative degree. The co-/homology with the grading algebra then reads as follows

(10)

If the co-/homology is zero, the differential is called to be acyclic in a degree of.

The zeroth cohomology group of the BRST differential leads to Equation (3), the essential aspect of the BRST symmetry, that implies the vanishing squares of its derivations and:

(11)

and also their anticommutation:

(12)

It means that the Koszul-Tate differential commutes with the longitudinal differential.

The generator of the Koszul-Tate complex may be chosen in an equal number of freedom as the generator of the longitudinal exterior complex. It follows that they are canonically conjugate in the extended space of original and new generators of and. This implies that the BRST transformation maintains a canonical transformation in the BRST complex space through a bracket structure:

(13)

which is called the Poisson bracket and defined as follows:

(14)

where and are positions and canonical momenta of a Hamiltonian system, respectively.

Equation (13) represents the BRST symmetry in the Hamiltonian formalism. The choice of as canonical transformation manifests the BRST symmetry where the canonical variables remain unchanged under transformation. The fermionic charge is called the BRST generator for the Hamiltonian formalism. Applying the Jacobi identity to the Poisson bracket and the nilpotency definition of the BRST differential yields:

(15)

which is the master equation of the BRST generator in the Hamiltonian formalism.

3. Consistent Interactions

To understand the consistent interactions among fields with a gauge freedom, we begin our study with a Lagrangian action:

(16)

where the action is local functional of the fields and their Lorentz covariant derivatives.

The equations of motion then read where is functional derivatives. The action possesses generic free gauge symmetries

(17)

The equations of motion is then determined from the action principle:.

Let consider the deformations of the action in such a way

(18)

that implies the deformation of gauge symmetries as

(19)

This provides the deformed gauge transformations:

(20)

Equation (18) and Equation (19) lead to the following expression:

(21)

Hence, the deformations by their orders are as follows:

(22)

which define the deformed gauge transformations that close on-shell for the interacting action, the so-called consistent interactions, while the original gauge transformations are reducible [28] .

Assume that the gauge fields of consistent interactions are trivially defined to be the following sum:

(23)

we then obtain

(24)

which does not manifest an exact interacting theory. A theory is strict if the consistent deformations are merely proportional to its free theory action up to the redefinition of the gauge fields. Thus, the interaction is formulated as follows:

where charges in the order of the coupling constants are given by

(25)

It represents the unperturbed action by charges of the coupling constants.

4. BRST Deformations of the Master Equation

Let us consider the gauge transformation defined by the Equation (17). The classical fields possesses the ghost number zero. It implies an ghost associated to ghost number one, as well as the one-level ghost of ghost have number two, etc., i.e.

(26)

which have the following ghost numbers, , and Grassmann parities,:

(27)

It also implies antifields and antighosts of opposite Grassmann parity with the following ghost numbers, , and Grassmann parities, , respectively:

(28)

(29)

The presentation of the gauge variables is therefore provided by

(30)

where a set of fields includes the original fields, the ghost, and the ghosts of ghosts, and includes the their corresponding antifields.

The BRST symmetry is a canonical transformation, and defined by an antibracket structure:

(31)

where is the canonical generators, and the antibracket (see appendix 7.1) is defined in the space of fields and antifields as follows [24] :

(32)

The Grassmann parity and ghost number of the antibracket are, respectively:

(33)

(34)

The antifields are now considered as mathematical tool to construct the BRST formalism. The solution can be interpreted as source coefficient for BRST transformation, i.e., an effective action in the theory.

The fields and antifields establish the solution of the classical master equation for consistent interactions [31] ,

(35)

Section 2 presented the master Equation (15) of the BRST generator in the Hamiltonian formalism. The gauge structure is now constructed through the solution of the master equation in the antifield formalism by [24] [25] [34]

(36)

This shows the consistency of the gauge transformations. The master Equation (36) includes the closure of the gauge transformations, the higher-order gauge identities, and the Noether identities. The master equation maintains the consistent specifications on and.

Substituting the definition (35) into the master Equation (36) yields

(37)

We then derive

(38)

which are simplified as follows [31] [36] [37] [38]

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

the so-called deformations of the master equation [31] [32] .

The Equation (40) implies that is a cocycle for the free differential defined by, i.e., is a coboundary,. The Equation (39) hence corresponds to. The Equation (41) indicates that is trivial in, and is mapped trivially into by the antibracket. Furthermore, the higher orders mapped into are trivial, and provide the existence of the terms etc, up to an element of. So, the orders freely link the interaction of an arbitrary element of.

The free gauge invariant action and the gauge transformations can be retrieved from

(45)

by setting

(46)

It provides the solution of the classical master equation for field gauge symmetries,

(47)

The BRST differential is now defined by through the antibracket,

(48)

Using the definitions (48), the deformations of the master equation are rewritten as follows:

(49)

which are the deformations of the master equation in terms of the BRST differential.

5. BRST Cohomology of the Free Yang-Mills Theory

Let us consider a set of potentials described by the abelian action in terms of the free (massless) Lagrangian action

(50)

where is the abelian field potential, is the spacetime dimension, strictly, since the theory has no local degree of freedom in two dimensions, and the abelian field strengths is defined by

(51)

in such a way

(52)

where is the invariant flat metric in Minkowski space with the particular hermitian representation of the Clifford algebra, and is a given symmetric invertible matrix with following properties

(53)

The gauge transformation with the free equation of motion,

(54)

manifests an irreducible transformation by

(55)

while

(56)

The differential operator is determined by the structure of the gauge transformations of an abelian algebra. The action (50) is close according to an abelian algebra, and invariant under the gauge transformation (55). The gauge invariant (55) eliminates unphysical terms, i.e. the longitudinal and temporal degrees of freedom.

The implementation of the BRST transformation in the minimal sector provides the field, its ghost, and their antifields and with the respective Grassmann parities, antighost, pureghost, and (total) ghost numbers,

(57)

which can schematically be illustrated:

We calculate the BRST-differential that decomposes into the sum of two differentials, the Koszul-Tate differential and the longitudinal differential along the gauge orbits. Both and are derivations, and commute with, and acting on, , , and via [33] [39]

The classical master Equation (47) of the action (50) holds the minimal solution (45) in such a way

(58)

5.1. First-Order Deformation

We now consider the deformed solution of the master equation for the action (50) smoothly in the coupling constant that brings to the solution (58), while the coupling constant vanishes. In Section 4, we noticed that the first-order deformation () of the master equation satisfies the solution, where is bosonic (commutative) function with ghost number zero.

Let us assume

(59)

where is a local function. Then, the first-order deformation, , takes the local form

(60)

(61)

where is a local current that manifests the non-integrated density of the first-order deformation corresponding to the local cohomology of in ghost number zero, , where is the exterior spacetime differential.

To evaluate Equation (60), we assume

(62)

(63)

where are some local currents. Substituting (62) and (63) into (60) yields

(64)

obviously

(65)

They can be decomposed on the several orders of the antighost number:

(66)

The positive antighost number are strictly given as replacement for the first expression [35] :

(67)

To proof it, let us consider as the elements with pureghost number of a basis in the polynomial space. The generic solution of (67) then takes the form

(68)

while

(69)

The objects obviously are nontrivial in the so-called invariant polynomials. In other words, the strict positive antighost numbers provide trivially the cohomology of the exterior differential in the space of invariant polynomials. Hence, reduces to (see [35] for general proof).

Moreover, may exclusively be reduced to -exact terms

(70)

corresponding to a trivial definition, which states. This result is obviously given by the second-order nilpotency of that implies the unique solution of (67) up to -exact contributions, i.e.

(71)

(72)

Hence, the non-triviality of the first-order deformation requires the cohomology of the exterior longitudinal derivative in pureghost number equal to, i.e.. To solve (66), it is necessary to provide the cohomology of and, and:

(73)

where

(74)

For an irreducible linear situation, where gauge generators are field independent, we assume that

(75)

where manifests the local cohomology of the Koszul-Tate differential, while antighost number is and pureghost number vanishes. In this case (), we obtain

(76)

The first-order deformation up to antighost number two are:

(77)

The is generated by arbitrarily smooth functions in the form (68), with from and denote the elements with pureghost number two of a basis in the polynomial space, i.e.,

(78)

where is the local cohomology of the Koszul-Tate differential with antighost number in the invariant polynomial space.

We now consider the Koszul-Tate differential and the exterior longitudinal differential in the action (58):

The local cohomology of the exterior longitudinal derivative in pureghost number one, has one ghost, while has two ghosts, i.e.

(79)

From (79), we then solve

(80)

where contains the structure constants of a non-abelian algebra coupling the Yang-Mills fields, and it is antisymmetric on indices:

(81)

The expression is solved by taking the Koszul-Tate differential from (80):

(82)

We simply notice that

(83)

This indicates

(84)

To obtain, we solve by taking the Koszul-Tate differential from:

(85)

The last term in above relation vanishes, i.e.

since

while

Therefore, we derive

(86)

It shows

(87)

The results for the first-order deformation are summarized as follows:

(88)

Finally, we derive

(89)

The first-order deformations of the solution () of the master equation were determined for the action (58). It is seen that gauge generators are field independent, and are reduced to a sum of terms with antighost numbers from zero to two.

5.2. Higher-Order Deformations

We now consider the higher-order deformations of the master equation for the action (50). The second-order deformation () of the master equation are determined from the solution. Let us assume that

(90)

that takes the local form

(91)

Using the Equation (88) from Section 5.1, we calculate:

while employing the following relations

(92)

(93)

and the definitions

(94)

(95)

They lead to the following expression:

that is reduced to

We then decompose into the following terms,

(96)

namely,

(97)

(98)

(99)

We also define

(100)

From (91), it follows a set of equations

(101)

(102)

(103)

Equations (99) and (101) imply

(104)

and

(105)

The later expression is called the Jacobi identity. Similarly, we obtain

(106)

So, the Equation (103) remains to be solved:

(107)

We solve it by substituting the exterior longitudinal differential of potentials ():

Accordingly, we derive

Hence, the second-order deformations becomes

(108)

The Jacobi identity (105) obviously implies

Similarly, all deformations with orders higher than the second-order completely vanish:

As a result, the solution to the deformations becomes, that corresponds to the following Yang-Mills theory:

(109)

We have determined the Yang-Mills theory from the first- and second-order deformations of the master equation. The solutions of the master equation, which entirely include the gauge structures, are decomposed into terms with the antighost numbers from zero to two. In other words, the part with the antighost number equal to zero represents the Lagrangian action, while the antighost number one is proportional to the gauge generators. The terms with higher antighost numbers provide the reducibility functions, where the on-shell relations become linear components in the ghosts for ghosts. It is shown that all functions with order higher than second vanish in this model.

5.3. Interacting Theory

Let us consider the Equation (109) and identify the entire gauge structure of the Lagrangian model that describes all consistent interactions in the -dimensional free Yang-Mills theory.

The antighost number zero of (109) shall provide the Lagrangian action of the interacting theory:

(110)

Accordingly, the Yang-Mills theory is characterized by the following non- abelian action:

(111)

where the non-abelian field strengths is defined by

(112)

and is the gauge-invariant that provides the gauge symmetry of the Yang-Mills theory as follows

(113)

So, the commutator among the deformed gauge transformations becomes:

(114)

The gauge symmetry remains abelian to order, and satisfies the equation of motion

(115)

The invariance of the action under the gauge transformations (113) is also obtained by the Noether identities

(116)

The antighost number one of the deformation of the master equation allows to identify the gauge transformations (113) of the action (110) by substituting the ghost with gauge parameter. The antighost number two in (109) reads the complete gauge structure of the so-called interacting theory that determines the commutator (114) among the deformed gauge transformations.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, we reviewed deformed gauge transformations in the framework of the BRST-antifield formalism characterized by the antibracket that acts similar to the Poisson bracket in the Hamiltonian formalism. We provided the BRST cohomology of the consistent interactions through several order deformations of the master equation. The BRST-antifield formalism in the cohomological space provides the generalized framework of consistent interactions among fields with a gauge freedom by any types of invariant action. We see that higher order deformations could be neglected due to non local interactions and their obstruction of consistent local couplings, which are associated with the anomalous gauge quantization. We demonstrated its functions by applying the BRST-antifield formalism to the -dimensional, free Yang-Mills theory. All deformations of the master equation for the massless Yang-Mills model were calculated by using the cohomological groups, of the BRST differential. The first-order deformation is provided by the cohomological group, whereas the second-order deformation given by the cohomological group obstructs all higher-order deformations. The results show that the deformations can be synthesized by the conception that all orders higher than two are trivial, while gauge generators are imposed to be field independent,. The deformations stopped at the second-order of the coupling constants characterize the consistent interactions, which maintain the equation of motion, and provide the entire gauge structure of the interacting Yang-Mills theory.

Acknowledgements

The author thanks the editor and the referee for their comments. Research of A. Danehkar is funded by the EU contract MRTN-CT-2004-005104. This support is greatly appreciated.

Cite this paper

Danehkar, A. (2017) On the Cohomological Derivation of Yang-Mills Theory in the Antifield Formalism. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 368-387. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.32031

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