Food and Nutrition Sciences
 Vol.5 No.6(2014), Article ID:43702,10 pages DOI:10.4236/fns.2014.56067

Quality of Semi-Prepared Products from Rainbow Trout Waste (Onchorynchus mykiss) by Using Different Technological Strategics

Karoline Ribeiro Palmeira1*, Eliane Teixeira Mársico1, Laís Doro1, Môsar Lemos1, Claudia Emília Teixeira1, Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin2, Maria Lúcia Guerra Monteiro1, Carlos Adam Conte Júnior1

1Department of Food Technology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Riode Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Email: *k.palmeira@globo.com, elianee@vm.uff.br, lah.doro@gmail.com, lemosmosar@hotmail.com, c.emilia@ibest.com.br, paschv@iq.ufrj.br, marialuciaguerra@yahoo.com.br, mtaconte@vm.uff.br

Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 3 January 2014; revised 3 February 2014; accepted 10 February 2014

ABSTRACT

The consumption of freshwater fish and fish products has gradually grown worldwide over the last decades, generating a proportional waste increase. The objective of the present study was to assess the chemical and bacteriological quality of restructured fish product, meatball-type, prepared with rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) waste added of 1% transglutaminase (MTG), 4% textured soy protein (TSP) and replacing part of the sodium chloride with potassium chloride (75%/25%) as described below: T1—starch addition (control); T2—MTG addition (1%); T3—soy protein addition (4%); T4—soy protein addition (4%) and MTG addition (1%); T5—soy protein addition (4%), MTG addition (1%) and partial replacement of salt (75% NaCl/25% KCl). Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), pH determination and quantification of biogenic amines were performed on the day after manufacturing (P0) and after 60 days of storage (P1) at −25˚C ± 2˚C. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) of microbiological quality, TBARS and pH after storage. T4 presented the lowest total biogenic amine content (256.84 mg/kg) whereas T3 and T5 had the highest value (791.36 and 707.19 mg/kg, respectively) in this parameter. Putrescine was the biogenic amine that presented the highest concentration (504.00 mg/kg) in T3 and cadaverine that presented the smallest concentration (0.36 mg/kg) in T4. The use of technological strategies for developing new products with non-commercial fillets kept the most standards, having changes only in some biogenic amines.

Keywords:Oncorhynchus mykiss; Soy Protein; Microbial Transglutaminase; Salt Replacer; Biogenic Amine

1. Introduction

Freshwater fishes, such as rainbow trout, are among the foods considered of high nutritional value, excellent source of proteins with high nutritional value and digestibility around 90%, besides calcium, unsaturated fatty acids (healthier) and vitamin B complex [1] . The average annual production of trout increased 18% in the last 10 years [2] . This growth was possible due to the increase in production scale and industrialization initiatives that favored trout marketing by large supermarket chains reaching markets in several metropolitan regions [3] .

The fish industry, aiming at minimizing economic losses and environmental impact, has taken advantage of the less noble parts of certain food matrices to elaborate new products with added value [4] . The high production costs foster the study and the development of new technologies having in mind the use of all the animal parts to minimize waste and economic losses, and thus maximizing the companies’ profit. This process includes the implementation of meat restructuring method on trimmings and low commercial value cuts to improve the appearance and texture of the new product, increasing its marketing value [5] [6] .

Restructuring processes are technologically very important because the products obtained have high commercial value, low production cost, and are easy to use and marketing convenient. The use of transglutaminase (MTG) in the industrial preparation of these products has been widely studied, because its binding action does not depend on the use of sodium chloride or phosphates, generating healthier products because of lower levels of sodium salts [7] . Soy protein is an excellent source of essential amino acids, and has high digestibility, in addition some studies show that its consumption, is related to the reduction of non-infectious chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer and osteoporosis [8] . However, due to high manipulation during the preparation of this product, the raw restructured must be kept frozen [9] [10] . Although scholars are conducting research focusing on the development of new products, there is no work reported in the literature that addresses the addition of MTG and soy protein associated with partial replacement of sodium chloride in fish products.

Numerous bacteriological and physicochemical methods have been developed for quality assessment of fish and fish products, but the most used are TBAR, TVB, TMA, hypoxanthine, and pH determinations and microbiologic analysis [11] , as well as the quantification of biogenic amines which, besides being of fundamental imsportance for human health, are taken into consideration as quality assessment criteria [12] .

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the storage effect on the bacteriological and chemical quality of meatballs prepared with Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) waste according to 5 different treatments using transglutaminase (MTG), textured soy protein and partial replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride and stored frozen at −25˚C ± 2˚C for 60 days.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation of Rainbow Trout Meatballs

The rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were captured in tanks, and after removing the head were eviscerated and frozen. The restructured product was prepared with fillets of non-commercial size trouts which are treated as waste and were acquired at Morita Trout Farm, MG, Brazil. The base formulation was fillets, sugar, salt, garlic, onion, parsley and ascorbic acid. Five different treatments were made, with different contents of starch, soy protein and MTG, besides the partial replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride (Table 1). Starch was used when soy protein and MTG were not used. The frozen raw material was minced in a meat grinder using 3.0 mm disk and the ingredients and (dehydrated) seasonings were added in a technically important sequence (salt or NaCl/KCl mixture, starch or TSP and/or MTG, seasonings, sugar and finally ascorbic acid) and mixed until forming a homogenous mass (Table 1). The fish meatballs were manually shaped, weighing approximately 30 g each, packed in expanded polystyrene trays and stored at approximately −25˚C ± 2˚C. The

Table 1. Base formulation of the meatballs trout (g/100g).

*Refers to the ingredients in 100 g of the final product. **T1 (starch addition), T2 (MTG addition), T3 (soy protein addition), T4 (soy protein and MTG addition) and T5 (soy protein addition, MTG addition and partial replacement of salt).

bacteriological and chemical quality assessments were performed in duplicate on the 1st and 60th days of storage. Samples were randomly collected from each treatment from the frozen meatballs, stored at −25˚C ± 2˚C.

2.2. Bacteriological Analysis

Mediafor the count of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) was Plate Count Agar (PCA) and the plates were inverted to incubation at 35˚C ± 1˚C during 48 hours [13] .

2.3. Chemical Quality

The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined by distilling the mixture of HCl and the sample added with distilled water, TBA was added to 25 mL of distilled and after immersion in a water bath and subsequent cooling, the reading was performed by the spectrophotometry (538 nm) described by [14] and adapted by [15] . The pH was determined in homogenized mixtures of meatballs and distilled water (1:10) [16] , using a digital potentiometer (DIGIMED DM 22). Biogenic amines were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) according to method described by [17] . The biogenic amines identified and quantified were: tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, histamine and spermine.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

One-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey Test was performed to compare average of each parameter evaluated for each treatment between days of storage. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5 program® (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA) at a 95% confidence level.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Bacteriological Results

There are no limits of TAMB in fish indicated by the brazilian legislation. However, the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods [18] recommends that the number of viable mesophilic bacteria does not exceed 106 CFU/g, because this count is considered critical in relation to the degree of product freshness. All the treatments presented counts below this limit and showed significant difference only in T1 after 60 days of storage, indicating that the meatballs were prepared under adequate sanitary conditions and that the storage maintained a controlled bacterial count. In the present study, all the values found in all the treatments were below 105 CFU/g, as shown in Table 2. In agreement with our findings [19] reported counts values ranging beteween in a period of 60 days storage at –18˚ in Rainbow Trout Kebab. [20] observed values below 105 CFU/g in fish burgers prepared with mechanically deboned meat (MDM) of Nile tilapia by using several binders and stored frozen. Through the bacteriological results, this study suggests the feasibility of using the rainbow trout in the preparation of meatballs

3.2. Chemical Quality Results

Table 3 summarizes the pH results of the 5 treatments which varied between 6.0 and 6.19 during the 60-day storage, but no significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed.

According to our results [21] , observed a pH value of 6.55 in fish burger prepared with croaker waste. [22] studied Caranhas fish burger and found a mean pH value of 6.5 in fish burgers prepared with different salt contents. pH variation is related to storage conditions and the procedures to which the fish is submitted immediately after its capture, thus, this isolated value is not an exact criterion of meat freshness or quality, but must be interpreted in conjunction with other parameters [23] [24] .

An increase in the pH value in food matrices may suggest loss of quality, indicating accumulation of basic metabolites such as ammonia and some organic bases produced by microbial and endogenous enzyme actions [24] -[26] mentions the use of cold as a food preservation method, because it slows the action of spoilage agents and decreases the chemical reactions. According to [27] , the pH value for fresh fish meat is 6.0 - 6.5, which can increase during storage because of accumulation of metabolites such as amines, indicating a spoilage process.

All the treatments showed TBARS values (mg MDA/kg) below the limits indicated in literature as sensory perceptible (between 5 and 8 mg MDA/kg) [28] . The values found in the first day and after 60-day storage, independent of treatment, suggest that the combination of the antioxidant (ascorbic acid) action and storage at −25˚C ± 2˚C contributed to minimize the oxidation of the product. Another relevant factor is the average lipid content of this species of 4.95% described by [29] , which classifies this species, according to [30] as lean fish (<5%), with consequent low percent degradation of the lipid molecule. According to [31] freezing drastically reduces the lipid oxidation process, because it reduces the rate of enzyme activity. This fact was also pointed out by [32] on their study on hamburgers prepared with mechanically deboned meat (MDM), stored raw and frozen (−20˚C). Besides, these authors noted that the treatment with ascorbic acid reduced the lipid oxidation rate.

The limits acknowledged by the scientific literature for TBARS were used, observing that values above 1 - 2 mg of malondialdehyde/kg fish are associated to rancid taste and smell [31] . Moreover, [32] report that TBARS values above 1.59 of malondialdehyde/kg sample can cause harm to consumer’s health, since malonic dialdehyde and other products of lipid oxidation have been related to the onset of cancer and therefore have called the attention of the scientific community. On the other hand, [33] stated that a product with values below 3.0 of malondialdehyde/kg should be considered in good condition.

Table 2. Count of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria (UFC. g−1) of meatballs trout.                             

*UFC. g−1 = colony forming units per gram of sample. **T1 (starch addition), T2 (MTG addition), T3 (soy protein addition), T4 (soy protein and MTG addition) and T5 (soy protein addition, MTG addition and partial replacement of salt). ***P0 = day 1, P1 = after 60 days of storage. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

Table 3. Results of TBARS (mg MDA/kg) and pH analyzes of samples in different treatments of meatballs trout.         

*T1 (starch addition), T2 (MTG addition), T3 (soy protein addition), T4 (soy protein and MTG addition) and T5 (soy protein addition, MTG addition and partial replacement of salt). **TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) **P0 = day 1, P1 = after 60 days of storage. Different letters in the same line indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

No difference (P < 0.05) was observed among TBARS values (mg MDA/kg) during storage, except for T1 (control) which showed higher TBARS on the 60th day in comparasion to first day of storage. This fact may be attributed to presence of substances such as ketones, amino acids, oxidized proteins, carbohydrates, pyridines, esters, sugars. These compounds as well as malonaldehyde, can react with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) directly influencing the TBARS result, allowing to suggest that the TBARS significant increase only in the control samples, may have been caused by the presence of starch and not necessarily by degradation of the lipid fraction [34] . Nevertheless, although has been observed an increase of TBARS in T1 the values of the analyzed samples were within the limits indicated in literature.

Figure 1 shows the values of biogenic mines obtained by HPLC. The tyramine concentration found in the different treatments was not considered high in P0, with the lowest value in T5 (3.47 mg/kg) and the highest value in T1 (14.32 mg/kg). At the end of the 60-day storage (P1) tyramine concentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased only in T1 and T2, where T2 reached the highest value (363.41 mg/kg). Tyramine is an important amine from the toxicological point of view because the detoxification mechanisms in humans may not be sufficient in case of high intake by allergic persons or patients that make use of drugs such as antidepressants and Parkinson disease symptom controllers [35] . The toxicity of tyramine and histamine are associated with the presence of alcohol and acetaldehyde, which can increase their toxic potential because they help to promote the transport of the biogenic amines to the intestinal wall [36] . According to [37] the toxic concentration of tyramine in healthy humans is 125 mg/kg, while in immunocompromised persons this value falls to 6 mg/Kg. Studies showed that in addition to its toxicity, tyramine promotes the adherence of pathogens such as Escherichia coli 0157:h7 on the gastric mucosa [38] .

Histamine is considered the most important amine in fish [39] and the most toxic of the amines detected in food [40] , but its toxic effects depend on concentration, the presence of other amines and the susceptibility of the individual, besides its health condition [41] . In the present study, the meatballs in treatments T1, T3 and T5 presented histamine levels of 106.15, 121.74 and 293.45 mg/kg, respectively, exceeding the maximum limit of 50 mg/kg established by the [42] . However, the samples of treatments T2 (23.24 mg/kg) and T4 (14.38 mg/kg) presented levels below the recommended limit and only the meatballs in treatment T5 exceeded the histamine limit established by the European Community [43] . Besides, T5 was the only treatment that presented a significant histamine content increase (P < 0.05) after 60 days of storage (P1) when compared to the contents in P0.

Figure 1. Values of biogenic amines in meatballs trout immediately after preparation (P0) and after 60 days of storage (P1). *T1 (starch addition), T2 (MTG addition), T3 (soy protein addition), T4 (soy protein and MTG addition) and T5 (soy protein addition, MTG addition and partial replacement of salt). Different letters in the same graph indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).                                                               

There are no official limits for other biogenic amines, but the concentration of amines such as tyramine should be observed when associated with histamine, putrescine and cadaverine to evaluate the overall presence of biogenic amines in the food matrices the intake of which can lead to alterations of the organism [36] .

Although the count of heterotrophic aerobic mesophilic bacteria have been constant during the study may have occurred decreased counts of specific bacterial groups and the development of other genres. Accordingly, bacteria that produce decarboxylases enzymes may have been favored by selective pressure, including lactic acid bacteria Tetragenococcus muriatics [44] -[46] and Citrobacter spp beyond that was isolated in Rainbow Trout [47] and fish derivatives frozen [48] [49] . Although there is no increase in the total bacterial load, the predominant bacterial groups of positive decarboxylase could explain the increase of histamine and tyramine during the storage.

Putrescine presented high values independent from treatment, with T5 showing the highest concentration (263.27 mg/kg). When the samples were analyzed in P1, only T3 presented a significant increase (P < 0.05). Arginine and proline are amino acids precursors of putrescine and are present in concentrations of 8 and 5.3% respectively in soy protein, a fact that can be associated with the significant increase of this biogenic amine in treatments with added soy protein [50] .

On the other hand, cadaverine was the biogenic amine which kept the smallest levels both in P0 and P1. Cadaverine is mostly produced by spoilage bacteria that grow at high temperatures [51] . No significant difference was observed in any treatment after 60-day storage at −25˚C ± 2˚C as well as on the mesophilic bacterial load was observed when P0 and P1 were compared (Figure 1). This behavior partially explains the absence of alteration of cadaverine levels. Despite the low levels found in the present study, cadaverine and putrescine are associated to the increase of histamine intestinal absorption, enhancing the toxicity of this amine, in addition to increasing the action of tyramine [52] [53] . These amines can also act as nitrosamine precursors originating carcinogenic compounds [26] .

Spermine was found in low concentrations in all the treatments. The levels of this amine presented reduction in all treatments. The behavior of spermidine was similar, with its highest value in T5 (141.69 mg/kg) in P0 and presenting significant reduction after the 60-day storage period (P1). According to [54] , due to their endogenous origin, the limits of spermine and spermidine tend to decrease or remain the same, during storage, and for this reason these amines are generally not associated with health hazardous effects when evaluated separately [55] , and are usually associated to allergic processes [3] .

According to [41] the presence of biogenic amines in food is doubly important, first because the intake of products with high concentration of biogenic amines may cause significant toxicological and physiological effects to human health and second, because they may be used as quality indicators in certain foods. These authors also mention that the food industry is interested in reducing their levels in fish, because in addition to being linked to health and quality standards, they cause consumer rejection. They also state that biogenic amines can be used as quality control indices, because they vary during food preparation and storage, starting with low concentrations in the fresh product and increasing during storage associated to bacterial growth.

When the biogenic amine overall concentration was analyzed it was observed that the T3 samples after 60 days of storage and T5, independent of the storage time, presented the highest values. Soy protein addition in those treatments (T3 and T5) seems to have influenced the presence of these amines. According to [56] , the amines present in higher concentration in soybeans are putrescine, cadaverine, agmatine, spermine and spermidine, because arginine, lysine, proline and tyrosine amino acids which are the precursors of the above mentioned biogenic amines are present in the composition of the soy protein.

In addition, in T5 there was replacement of 25% sodium chloride by potassium chloride. According to [57] some ingredients and additives have been used to increase the technological properties and/or sensory attributes during production or in the final product, however in some cases they can also act as inhibitors of bacterial growth, which is one of the conditions to form biogenic amines. The author also mentions that ingredients such as salt (NaCl) reduce the bacterial growth that interferes in the endogenous and exogenous proteolytic enzyme activity, inhibiting the formation of free amino acids and consequently reducing the formation of biogenic amines. In this manner, it seems that the replacement of 25% sodium chloride by potassium chloride may have influenced the overall amine values in T5.

4. Conclusions

The addition of transglutaminase (MTG), textured soy protein (TSP) and partial replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride in the product caused no significant changes during the period of storage in most parameters evaluated, only in some biogenic amines.

The biogenic amines proved to be a promising quality indicator in the studied products, mainly in those treatments with soy protein addition, and should be carefully evaluated in products prepared with fish waste and salt substitutes, because despite its health appeal, the technological effect of this ingredient may be compromised.

The present study suggests that the combined use of these ingredients associated to frozen storage can be applied as alternative for elaboration of new semi-prepared products manufactured from trout wastes leading advantages in the fish industry.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful for the financial support of the State of Rio de Janeiro Carlos Chagas Filho Research Foundation (FAPERJ), process number E-26/103.003/2012. K. R. Palmeira was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).

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List of Abbreviations

CFU = colony forming units g = gramme HCl = hydrochloric acid HPLC = High Performance Liquid Chromatography

KCl = potassium chloride Kg = kilogram MDA = malondialdehyde MDM = mechanically deboned meat MTG = transglutaminase 

NaCl = sodium chloride PCA = Plate Count Agar TAMB = Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria TBARS = 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TMA = trimethylamine TSP = textured soy protein TVB = total volatile bases

NOTES

*Corresponding author.

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