Exponential Ratio Type Estimators of Population Mean under Non-Response

doi:10.4236/ojs.2014.41010

Open Journal of Statistics
Vol.4 No.1(2014), Article ID:43214,4 pages DOI:10.4236/ojs.2014.41010

Exponential Ratio Type Estimators of Population Meanunder Non-Response

Lovleen Kumar Grover^*, Parmdeep Kaur

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Department of Mathematics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India

Email: ^*lovleen_2@yahoo.co.in

Copyright © 2014 Lovleen Kumar Grover, Parmdeep Kaur. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Lovleen Kumar Grover, Parmdeep Kaur. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian.

Received November 22, 2013; revised December 22, 2013; accepted December 30, 2013

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes some exponential ratio type estimators of population mean under the situations when certain observations for some sampling units are missing. These missing observations may be for either auxiliary variable or study variable. The biases and mean square errors of the proposed estimators have been derived, up to the first order of approximation. The proposed estimators are compared theoretically with that of the existing ratio type estimators defined by [1]. It has been found that the proposed exponential ratio type estimators perform better than the mean per unit estimator even for the low positive correlation between study variable and auxiliary variable. Moreover, we obtained the conditions for which our proposed estimators are better than the corresponding ratio type estimators of [1]. To verify the theoretical results obtained, a simulation study is carried out finally.

Keywords: Auxiliary Variable; Bias; Mean Square Error; Non-Response; Simple Random Sampling without Replacement; Study Variable

Mathematical Subject Classification: 62 D 05

1. Introduction

In survey sampling situations, auxiliary information is generally used to improve the precision or accuracy of the estimator of unknown population parameter of interest under the assumption that all the observations in the sample are available. But in many survey sampling situations, this assumption is not true. This is the case of incomplete information which may arise due to some non-response in the given sample. There are various practical reasons for this incomplete information due to non-response like1) unwillingness of the respondent to answer some particular questions2) accidental loss of information caused by unknown factors3) failure on the part of investigator to collect correct information, etc.

Such type of incomplete information is very common in the studies related to medical research, market research surveys, opinion polls, socio economic investigations, etc.

In survey sampling, when information about all the sampling units is available then it is conventional to estimate unknown population mean of study variable using ratio estimator provided that there is a positive correlation between study variable and auxiliary variable (see [2]). But, when information about all the units is not available then the traditional complete data estimating procedures could not be used straight forwardly to analyze the data. [3] discussed the situation that certain incomplete information may occur on either study variable or auxiliary variable or both of these variables. In the early investigation with non-response situations of survey sampling, [1,4-6] considered the problem of estimation of population mean. Further investigation is carried out from various angles recently by many authors viz. [7-24], etc.

We have seen that [1] considered various ratio type estimators of population mean, under different situations, when some of the observations on either the study variable or auxiliary variable are missing. In this paper, we have assumed the same situations of non-response as considered by them. In Section 2, we have proposed the corresponding exponential ratio type estimators of population mean for these situations. In Section 3, we have obtained the expressions for the biases and mean square errors (MSE) of the proposed estimators. In Section 4, the comparisons (with respect to biases and mean square errors) have been made for the proposed estimators with the corresponding existing estimators of [1]. Finally, in Section 5, a simulation study has been performed to support the theoretical results obtained earlier in this paper.

2. Notations and the Proposed Estimators

Let and denote the positive valued study variable and positive valued auxiliary variable respectively.

Assume that there is a positive correlation between and. Let denote the values of bivariate on the unit of population of size. Consider a sample, say “”, of size is drawn with simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) from this population. Now, the problem of interest is to estimate the unknown population mean of study variable when the population mean of auxiliary variable is assumed to be known.

It is assumed that observations of namely measured on selected units in the sample are completely available. In addition to these available observations, let

denote the available observations of variable on other units in the sample but the corresponding observations of variable are missing on these sample units. Similarly, we have a set of other

available observations of variable, namely in the sample but the associated values of

variable are missing on these sample units. Thus we have the following sub samples of the sample “”:

We note that

Here, the quantities denote the numbers of distinct sampling units in the sample “” with incomplete observations on bivariate and these must be random in nature.

Let

(1)

[1] defined the following four ratio type estimators of:

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

In the ordinary circumstances, when there is no non-response then [25] introduced an exponential ratio type estimator of which is better than mean per unit estimator of even for the low positive correlation between. On the other hand, the ordinary ratio estimator of (due to [2]) is better than mean per unit estimator for high positive correlation between and under certain conditions. On taking this advantage of exponential ratio type estimators and then considering the concept of ratio type estimators defined by [1], we have got a motivation to propose the following exponential ratio type estimators of

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

These four proposed estimators will now be compared with the corresponding four estimators of [1] with respect to their biases and mean square errors.

3. Biases and Mean Square Errors of Proposed Estimators

To obtain the biases and mean square errors of the proposed estimators, we proceed as follows.

Let

(10)

Now we state the following lemma.

Lemma 3.1: Under SRSWOR, we have the following expectations:

(11)

where

Proof: See Appendix 1.

Remark 3.1: We note that and always hold good, where as, hold good according as.

From (10), we can rewrite the following:

(12)

Now we state the following lemma.

Lemma 3.2: On using (12) and retaining the terms up to second degree of and only, we can write the following:

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

Proof: See Appendix 1.

Theorem 3.1: The expressions of biases and mean square errors of the four proposed exponential ratio type estimators of, up to first order of approximation, are

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

where

Proof: See Appendix 2.

Remarks 3.2: The expressions for biases and mean square errors of the proposed estimators (as obtained in Theorem 3.1) involve some unknown population parameters like and. To find the estimates of these biases and mean square errors, the general practice in survey sampling is to replace the unknown population parameters with their respective consistent estimators based on the same sample.

To test the superiority of our proposed estimators over the existing estimators of [1], we compare the biases and the mean square errors of these estimators.

4. Comparison of Proposed Estimators with Existing Estimators

To compare the biases and mean square errors of the proposed estimators with the estimators defined by [1], we require the expressions of their biases and mean square errors, up to first order of approximation and these are given in Table1

Remark 4.1: Note that and.

Remark 4.2: While comparing the biases and mean square errors, we have taken as fixed quantities in the given sample, so we must have

Remark 4.3: [26] has shown that the values of parameter remain stable in any repetitive survey.

So while comparing biases and mean square errors of various estimators, we shall try to find the conditions on the values of under which one estimator is superior to the other estimator. In the present situations, we also note that the value of always lies in the interval.

Theorem 4.1: Up to the terms of order, we have

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

Proof: See Appendix 3.

Theorem 4.2: Up to the term of order, we have

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

Proof: See Appendix 3.

From the above two theorems, we see that our proposed estimators are superior to the existing estimators under some very simple conditions.

Theorem 4.3: Up to the term of order, we have

(33)

Table 1. Biases and mean square errors of the existing estimators, up to first order of approximation.

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

Proof: This theorem can be proved in the similar way as Theorem 4.2.

Corollary 4.1: On combining Theorems 4.2 and 4.3, we have the following results:

1) The mean square error of the proposed estimator is less than that of both and if , provided that.

2) The mean square error of the proposed estimator is less than that of both and if , provided that.

3) The mean square error of the proposed estimator is less than that of both and if .

4) The mean square error of the proposed estimator is less than that of both and if .

Remark 4.4: From the results of Theorem 4.3, we can conclude that four proposed exponential ratio type estimators are really better than mean per unit estimator for even the lower positive values of (or equivalently even for lower positive correlation between).

5. A Simulation Study

To support the facts proved in earlier sections of this paper, we perform a simulation study here. For this purpose, we have taken an empirical population of size 34 from [27 ] [page No. ]">177]. In this population, variable “” is area under wheat in 1973 and variable “” is area under wheat in 1971. For this population, we have following requisite parameters:

We have simulated sample (with SRSWOR) 50 times from the above fixed population using R software (version 2.14.0).

While performing a simulation study, we use the following steps in sequence:

1) A sample, say “s”, of size is drawn from the fixed population using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR).

2) Take the fixed values of missingness rates, that is,.

3) Randomly, we deleted observations from the set of observations of study variable and observations from the set of observations of auxiliary variable.

4) Identify the subsamples, namely.

5) The values of the estimators are calculated for each triplet.

6) Calculate the variances (or approximate mean square errors) of these estimators by using their 50 values that are obtained from 50 different simulated samples drawn from the given fixed population.

We have taken the different values of triplet as shown in Table2

In Tables 3 and 4, we have mentioned the variances of values of various estimators, considered in this paper, obtained for the simulated 50 different samples drawn from the given population on taking various values of sample sizes and values of missingness rates.

Table 2. Considered sample sizes and missingness rates.

Table 3. Variances of various estimators for sample size “n” = 12.

Table 4. Variances of various estimators for sample size “n” = 17.

Discussion, Conclusions and Interpretations

For the given fixed population, which satisfies all the conditions, obtained in the results (29) to (32), for all values of triplet considered in Tables 3 and 4. Therefore, the variances of all the proposed exponential ratio type estimators are less than that of all the corresponding existing ratio type estimators of [1 ]. It can be verified through Tables 3 and 4.

Again for the given fixed population, which does not satisfy all the conditions, obtained in the results (33) to (40), for all values of triplet, considered in Tables 3 and 4. Therefore, the variances of all the eight ratio type estimators of [four proposed estimators and four [1 ]’s estimators] considered in this paper are not less than that of the mean per unit estimator. It can be verified again through Tables 3 and 4.

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Appendix 1

Proof of Lemma 3.1: Taking

where denotes the conditional expectation based on the sub sample (either or or) under the condition that both p and q are fixed for the given sample s.