ABSTRACT

The frequent traffic jams at major intersections call for an effective management system. The paper suggests implementing a smart traffic controller using real-time image processing. The sequence of the camera is analyzed using different edge detection algorithms and object counting methods. Previously they used matching method that means the camera will be installed along with traffic light. It will capture the image sequence. To set an image of an empty road as a reference image, the captured images are sequentially matched using image matching; but in my paper, we used filtering method, which filtered the image and released all waste objects and only showed the cars, and after it well showed the number of cars in image. My paper is software that takes a picture or video. It has been customized to be used in the future to control the traffic light sign by giving each sign sufficient time, depending on the number of cars on each direction.

Keywords:

Automatic Traffic, Computer Vision, Image Processing, Edge Detection

1. Introduction

Object recognition technology in the field of computer vision to find the objects in the image or video sequences and selects them. Humans realize many things in images with little effort, despite the fact that the image of objects may vary somewhat in different views, in many different sizes and scales or even when they are translated or rotated. Objects can be recognized even when they are partially obstructed from the point of view.

In modern life, we have to face with many problems, one of which is traffic congestion becoming more dangerous day by day.

As a result of the increase in vehicle traffic, many problems emerged, for example, traffic accidents, traffic congestion and so on. Traffic congestion was a very difficult problem. As a result, many investigators have paid attention to ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) [1] , such as predicting traffic flow based on traffic monitoring at the traffic junctions to detect bottlenecks [2] . This task remains a challenge for computer vision systems. Several approaches to this task have been implemented over many decades [3] [4] .

There are many methods of detecting vehicles on road such as motion detection, installing lasers on both sides of the road [5] etc., which is tedious and involves a large number of hardwares. This method uses image processing techniques to count the number of vehicles on road and estimate the density. The number of vehicles found can be used for surveying or controlling the traffic signal. This is one of the best modern methods that countries are seeking to introduce into the traffic system. It organizes the traffic in a smart way, in this way you can organize the traffic without needing for a person to do it.

In the previous paper, most of them used matching technique, by taking main frame and then made subtraction and approach with the new frame [6] .

But now in my paper, we will discuss about smart traffic control by using image processing to count vehicles. Vehicle detection and counting are important in calculating traffic congestion on highways. The main objective of detecting cars and counting in a video or image traffic paper is to develop a methodology for automatic detection of vehicles and count them on highways. Our method does not use background, it uses a filter that we detect and count the cars, takes a video or an image and makes some processing to finally give the number of cars.

2. Methodology

There are many methods of detecting vehicles on road such as motion detection, installing lasers on both sides of the road [7] , etc., which is tedious and involves large number of hardware. This method uses image processing techniques to count the number of vehicles on road and estimate the density. The number of vehicles found can be used for surveying or controlling the traffic signal. Our methodology is based on two parts, vehicle detection using video and vehicle detection using image processing.

2.1. Vehicle Detection Using Video

Many techniques have been developed in Video Processing during the last four to five decades.

One of them is matching technique [3] [8] , it take the previous image and current image and then make subtraction between that two image and according to the difference it well get the percentage of congestion [9] .

But now we use filter technique that can give accuracy result up to 90%.

2.1.1. Architecture Design

Figure 1 gives an overview of the moving vehicle detection in a video sequence. The system makes use of an existing video sequence.

The video is divided into frames, and is taken as the input frames. They are entering into foreground method to eliminate the background and many roles [10] . If a vehicle is present in the input frame, it will be retained. The detected vehicle is thus tracked by various techniques, namely, blob analysis method.

2.1.2. Block Diagram

The Block diagram below gives an overview of how the vehicle is detected using image processing. Various boxes in Block diagram are explained below:

1) Capturing Image

We can take the capture image from live camera that can take every 10 sec a capture image. But in my paper we will take the video and divide it into frames and take every few second a frame Figure 2.

If we use the camera we should install it in a fixed place so it does not vibrate.

2) Foreground Detector

Foreground Detector is considered as the most important function in this code; it plays a big role in the filter and detects the ground.

Foreground Detector detect foreground using Gaussian Mixture Models (GM- M) Figure 3.

Foreground Detector also changes the image type from “RGB” to “Gray” then to “Binary” and applies filtering at different levels. Converting images to binary type is done by replacing all pixels according to the specified luminance with

either white (logical 1) if the pixel is equal or greater that the level or black (logical 0) otherwise. Specified level should belong to the range [0, 1].

3) Image Enhancement

Image enhancement is the process of adjusting digital images so that the results are more suitable for display or further analysis. For example, we can eliminate noise, which will make it easier to identify the object.

Image enhancement are same used in image detecting and video detecting except in image rode process are not use.

First step is removing small connected components and objects from binary image by using function specified for this process. Those objects have fewer pixels than the specified threshold Example: if we put the threshold is equal to 10 PIXEL then the object has size below 10 will remove. Removing the noise in the image is one of the most important and most difficult of the pre-handling techniques; but after that it will make the work easier.

Second step is by make dilate process it will enlarge/smooth the white areas and fill in black areas near borders/perimeters. Dilate process take two parameters first the image in stage before it and the other is defined by another function by creates a flat structuring element with the specified neighborhood it has 2 parameters first for define the type of shape want to draw it and other is a size of matrix containing 1’s and 0’s; the location of the 1’s defines the neighborhood for the morphological operation. The center (or origin) of matrix is its center element. (Note: this function is also used when make rode to the pic.)

Third step is by make rode process it will enlarge the black areas and eat away at the white areas Figure 4.

4) Vehicle Detection

Moving vehicle detection is in the video analysis. It can be used in many regions such as video surveillance, traffic monitoring and people tracking. There are many motion segmentation techniques, like frame difference. Frame difference method has less computational complexity, and it is easy to implement; its difference between the current frame and the reference frame is above the threshold is considered as moving vehicle.

Another method Optical flow method can detect the moving vehicle even when the camera moves, but it needs more time for its computational complexity, and it is very sensitive to the noise [5] .

These two methods have Disadvantage:

Frame difference cannot detect the exact contour of the moving vehicle;

Optical flow method is sensitive to the noise.

In my paper we use a different method from the two others above. My method is by use filter only that makes at every new frame a new picture, and then the system detects all new entering vehicles. This method gives result with an error up to 10%.

5) Vehicle Tracking

Vehicle tracking involves continuously identifying the detected vehicle in video sequence and is done by specifically marking the boundary around the detected vehicle [11] . Vehicle tracking is a challenging problem. Difficulties in tracking vehicles can arise due to abrupt vehicle motion, changing appearance patterns of the vehicle, vehicle-to-vehicle.

In my paper we use also from Foreground Detector Blob Analysis function. This function detects the vehicles and then from bounding box we get the size of the detected vehicles. After that we draw a rectangle around the detected vehicle Figure 5.

6) Counting Vehicle

It’s considered as the last stage in my paper, it gives the number of cars according to the number of boxes detected around the cars.

Some previous paper make a line Figure 6, that counts cars when it cut it or Pass it; or they create a certain area Figure 7 that count the cars when the area is fill.

But these two methods have many disadvantages:

If two cars cut at the same time the line they can be considered as a single car and thus it counts one car;

If one car crossed two areas half in an area and second half in another area, it will be considered as two cars.

Thus my method Figure 8 will consider the best for counting cars.

2.1.3. Algorithm Flowchart

2.1.4. Experiments of the System

The actual experiment is to discover errors and every weakness in the code.Experimenting is carried out and the following result is obtained.

Graphical user interface is the browser; I have already spoken that in my paperis consist from two parts, in Figure 9 it is the first interface observed, then we can choose between two methods: first by Video and other by Image. We press the video button that call another code and open a new browse.

After pressing the video button Figure 9 it opens the below browse. First it loads four images, when we press Start Detecting button, the system take a frame from the video and apply the first method on it. These interfaces are including edit text, push button and Axes.

In Figure 10, by using detection, tracking and counting methods, various results are obtained. Video sequence taken containing moving cars, these videos are processed to get a detected and extracted object. Above snapshot shows the results obtained in each step of the process. The output of foreground is a binary vehicle, then according to the binary region detected a tracking method create box around it.

Initially count register is set to zero, when any moving vehicles are tracked than count register is incremented. At every frame the code again make process to detect new vehicle. Finally we get number of car from the tracking and convert it to string, so that we can display them in the edit text.

2.2. Vehicle Detecting Using Image

Another methods used in my paper is by using image processing.

Image processing is processing of images using mathematical operations by using any form of signal processing for which the input is an image. The output of image processing may be either an image or a set of characteristics or

parameters related to the image. Image processing is used to detect object but in my paper especially detect vehicles.

2.2.1. Block Diagram

2.2.2. Canny Edge Detection Technique

Canny proposed a filter determined analytically from 3 criterias:

1) Ensure a proper detection: a strong response even at low contours,

2) Guarantee a good location,

3) Ensure that for a contour, there will be only one detection (avoid the effects of rebounds due, for example, truncation filters).

These three criteria’s are expressed in the joint optimization of three functionals that define the optimal linear filter for the vehicle detection in an image Figure 11.

$\text{Edge}\_\text{Gradient}\left(\text{G}\right)=\left|\text{Gx}\right|+\left|\text{Gy}\right|$ (1)

2.2.3. Vehicle Tracking

Vehicle tracking in image is not same as video, rather it is difficult to tracking vehicle.

We use some process and function to tracking cars; first we start by bring information about every region and bring a property for each connected component in the binary image BW, which must be a logical array, in my paper we take these properties Eccentricity, Area and Bounding Box.

・ Area returns a scalar that specifies the actual number of pixels in the region.

・ Eccentricity is the ratio of the distance between the foci of the ellipse and its major axis length. The value is between 0 and 1.

Bounding Box Returns the smallest rectangle containing the region, specified as a 1-by-Q*2 vector, where Q is the number of image dimensions Figure 12.

2.2.4. Flow Chart

3. Conclusions

My paper “The Control of Traffic” can be cheaply made from low cost, locally available components and can be used for various traffic streets. We can use it to count the number of dynamic vehicles that are passing on highways to know the

density, and we can use it to control the traffic. Several future enhancements can be made for the system of detection, tracking and counting of moving vehicle can be extended to real-time live video feeds. Apart from the detection and extraction, process of recognition can also be done. By using recognition techniques, the vehicle in question can be classified. I achieved the goal, which I proposed, the overall system worked successfully, and the giving result has accuracy up to 90%.

This paper can be used in future for controlling street sign; this project has been completed specifically for this task. We can use it in crossroads; that in each direction takes the plats number of waiting vehicles and according to that, the system recognizes the plats number and can control the vehicle.

Cite this paper

Akoum, A.H. (2017) Automatic Traffic Using Image Pro- cessing. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 10, 765-776. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2017.109042

References