ABSTRACT

Due to the chronic shortage of health personnel, nurses and midwives now play a fundamental role in the care and treatment of people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLHIV) in Cameroon. This study was therefore designed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice with regard to care of PLHIV among nursing and midwifery students in Fako division of Cameroon. A survey was performed between May and July 2015, among 227 nursing and midwifery students (in their second to final year of study), selected from 8 government accredited training institutions in Fako division of Cameroon. An anonymous self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The Pearson’s chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for possible confounders were all performed as part of the statistical analyses. The cutoff of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Nursing and midwifery students had a moderate level of HIV/AIDS knowledge (average score of 7.02 on a scale of 11). Attitude towards PLHIV was generally positive (68.7%) but there were some misconceptions and prejudice about PLHIV, with considerable stigmatization (31.3%), unwillingness to share a room with someone infected with HIV (27.7%), and unwillingness to work on PLHIV (23.8%). Good HIV/AIDS knowledge was observed to be the sole independent predictor (p = 0.004) of positive attitude towards PLHIV. Furthermore the confidence of the respondents regarding care of PLHIV was generally moderate. Our results suggest the need for the development of a more appropriate education program in nursing and midwifery institutions in Fako division to reduce the discrepancies between the general knowledge, attitude and practice regarding care of PLHIV.

Keywords:

Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, People Living with HIV/AIDS, Nursing, Midwifery, Students, Fako Division, Cameroon

1. Introduction

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world today. Globally, there were an estimated 36.7 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in 2015 [1] . Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest burden of HIV with an estimated 23.5 million PLHIV [2] , while Cameroon has the highest burden of HIV in West and Central Africa (WCA), with an estimated 620,000 PLHIV, projected to increase to 726,000 by 2020 [3] [4] [5] . With the rising number of PLHIV in the country, there is an intense pressure on the health infrastructure to care for these patients.

Unfortunately, there is an acute shortage of health personnel in Cameroon with ratios of 2 doctors and 16 nurses for every 10,000 patients [6] . Considering the workload on the available human resources, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends tasks shifting from doctors to nurses, midwives and other non-clinicians staff in the management of HIV and AIDS [7] . In Cameroon task shifting has become a common practice along the care and treatment cascade in most HIV/AIDS treatment facilities. Consequently nurses and midwives are expected to perform HIV counselling and testing, clinical assessment, initiation and monitoring of antiretroviral therapy in addition to adherence and psychosocial assessment and support along the continuum of care [7] . Nurses and midwives are also involved in primary data collection, record keeping and reporting which makes monitoring and evaluation of services feasible, guide decision making and ensure the provision of quality services [7] .

As nurses and midwives are fast becoming the key player in the care of PLHIV, they must first be adequately trained [8] . Different reports have revealed that nurses lack adequate knowledge, skills and demonstrate poor attitude towards PLHIV because they are not well trained during their pre-service education [9] - [14] . For example, the study by Ajobiewe and Uwakwe [10] revealed that nursing and midwifery students had a poor knowledge of the WHO recommended universal precautions for preventing HIV transmission. The study also revealed that midwifery students performed more high risk occupational practices compared to nursing students but received less supervision [10] .

Nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge on the care of PLHIV is therefore of vital importance since they are the future practicing nurses and midwives. Studies assessing the education of nursing and midwifery students are limited in Cameroon. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice with regard to care of PLHIV among nursing and midwifery students from training facilities in Fako division of Cameroon. Data from this study will contribute towards the improvement of the training of nursing and midwifery students in Cameroon.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design, Duration and Setting

A survey was performed using a cross section of regular undergraduate nursing and midwifery students selected from government accredited training institutions of Cameroon between May and July 2015.

The study was conducted in Fako Division (4˚10'00"N, 9˚10'00"E) in the South West region of Cameroon. The estimated HIV prevalence in Fako is 10.7% in the general population [15] , making it one of the highest in the region. There are 8 nursing and midwifery Institutions in Fako and all were included in the study: Redemption Medical Foundation (RMF), Muyuka; Maflekumen Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Tiko; St. Francis School of Health Sciences (SFSHS), Buea; St. Jude Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Buea; Training School for Health Personnel, State Registered Nursing (TSHP-SRN), Limbe; St. Monica University, Muea; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), University of Buea, Buea; Higher Institute of Applied Medical Sciences (HIAMS), Buea. Altogether, 552 regular undergraduate nursing and midwifery students were registered in these training institutions during the study timeframe.

2.2. Sample Size Estimation

The sample size was estimated using the online tool Raosoft® sample size calculator [16] . Using a margin of error of 5%, confidence level of 95%, population size of 552 and response distribution of 50%, the estimated sample size was 227.

2.3. Study Population

Regular undergraduate nursing/midwifery students in the training institutions listed above were targeted. A stratified cluster sampling technique was used to recruit participants from the different levels in the different Institutions. The total number of participants recruited was proportional to the number of students enrolled at the different levels in the different institutions. To be included into the study, the participants were to be either male or female, aged 17 years and above, and at the first year of training (level 2) and above.

2.4. Ethical Consideration

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board (FHS IRB) of the University of Buea, Cameroon. Administrative clearance was obtained from the Delegation of Public Health, South West Region (SWR) of Cameroon, as well as from the administration of the different nursing and midwifery institution. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

2.5. Data Collection

An anonymous self-administered semi-structural questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire used in this survey was based on the WHO AIDS program regarding knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices (KABP) in 1988 [17] , as well as other related literatures for health workers evaluation of self-confidence. Internal reliability of the questionnaire was established by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90 and the content viability was established by using a second measure of research utilization and feedback from experts in the field.

The questionnaire was divided into five parts, the first part obtained demographic and personal data, years in nursing/midwifery school, and years of experience and work setting (internships). The second part obtained information on student’s knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevalence, vulnerable group, transmission, treatment and control. The third part obtained information about student’s attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients and the student’s quest for more information about HIV/AIDS. The fourth part of this questionnaire sort to know and evaluate the common beliefs students hold about the disease conditions and the way forward, and the last part evaluates the student’s practices towards HIV/ AIDS patients and their willingness and motivation to improve practices to boost their self-efficacy.

Responses to most items concerning practice, knowledge, and skills related to self-efficacy was addressed using a 5-point Likert scale with “None/not at all” and “very high” as anchors. Several items related to access to information, required a dichotomous response “yes/no”.

The questionnaire was pretested on a sample of 20 students selected from the Faculty of Science of the University of Buea. Printed copies of the questionnaire were handed to the respondents in person. To ensure confidentiality, no name was collected, instead codes were used to identify the respondents. Furthermore, the respondents were also provided with an envelope to seal the questionnaire upon completion before submission.

2.6. Assessment of Knowledge on HIV/AIDS

There were 11 indicators used to evaluate the knowledge of respondents. Knowledge was scored on 11, one for each indicator. Respondents who score below 5 were considered as having poor knowledge on HIV/AIDS, scores between 5 and 9 as having moderate knowledge on HIV/AIDS, and scores above 10 as having good knowledge on HIV/AIDS.

2.7. Assessment of Attitude towards HIV/AIDS

There were 7 indicators used to evaluate the attitude of the respondents. Attitude was scored on 7, one for each indicator. Respondents who scored ≤ 4 were considered as having a negative attitude towards PLHIV, and respondents who scored above 4 were considered as having a positive attitude.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

Data collected was entered into Excel spreadsheet and analysed using the SPSS version 16 for Microsoft windows. Frequency distributions of all relevant variables were presented in tables. Statistical analyses performed included the Pearson’s chi-square test for group comparison, univariate and multivariate logistic regression adjusting for confounders, for the identification of predictors associated with positive attitude towards PLHIV.

3. Results

3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Table 1 shows the socio-demographic variables of the respondents. 227 regular undergraduate students participated in the survey, of whom 193 (85.0%) were females and 34 (15.0%) were males. A majority of the students 94 (40.9%) were from the St. Francis School of Midwifery and Nursing Sciences. A vast majority of the respondents were nursing students 199 (87.7%). Students from level 2 and level 3 constituted the bulk of the participants.

HIAMS: Higher Institute of Applied Medical Sciences, SRNS: State Registered Nursing School.

3.2. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS

Table 2 shows the different indicators that were used to assess the knowledge on HIV/AIDS among the respondents. Nearly 8 in 10 (77.1%) of the respondents did not know the correct meaning of HIV/AIDS. But almost all (99.6%) the respondents knew that HIV was caused by a virus. Nearly three-quarter (74.4%) of the respondents knew that HIV was more prevalent in women compared to men. Approximately two-third (66.5%) of the respondents were aware that HIV can also be transmitted through the placenta. Meanwhile a few (3.1%) of the respondents held the erroneous view that HIV can be transmitted via insect bite. Nearly 8 in 10 (81.5%) of the respondents were aware that HIV could be deadly if not controlled. A great majority (96.9%) of the respondents were aware that HIV is transmitted via unprotected sex with an infected person. Furthermore, nearly 9 in 10 (89.0%) of the respondents knew that HIV can be transmitted by the use of unsterilized utensils.

Overall, just a modest 33 (14.5%) of the respondents had good HIV/AIDS knowledge, a majority 187 (82.4%) of the respondents had moderate HIV/AIDS knowledge meanwhile a few 7 (3.1%) of the respondents had poor HIV/AIDS knowledge. The average (±SD) HIV/AIDS knowledge score was 7.02 ± 1.73. HIV/AIDS knowledge was not observed to be associated with the institution (p = 0.783) or the level of study (p = 0.085) or the age of the respondent (p = 0.809) or the Specialisation (p = 0.133) or the gender (p = 0.427) (Table 3).

3.3. Respondents’ Self-Assessment of HIV Knowledge

Respondents were asked to rate their knowledge of HIV. The responses were scored using a 5 - point Likert scale with “Not at all” and “Very high” as anchor. One (0.4%) of the respondents reported to have no knowledge at all about HIV,

HIAMS: Higher Institute of Applied Medical Sciences, SRNS: State Registered Nursing School.

meanwhile 27 (11.9%) scored Very high. However, the majority of them scored Medium 94 (41.4%) to High 105 (46.3%).

3.4. Attitude towards HIV/AIDS

Table 4 shows the different attitude indicators used to evaluate the respondents. Among the participants who had had a friend or a relative who was HIV-positive, 27 (18.2%) reported that their relationship was negatively affected. Approximately 3 in 10 (31.3%) of the respondents accepted showing some form of stigmatization to PLHIV. Nearly 3 in 10 (27.7%) were not willing to share their room with someone infected with HIV. Moreover, nearly one-quarter (23.8%) of

the respondents were not willing to work on PLHIV. The main reasons put forth by the respondents for not willing to work on PLHIV were fear (48.7%), the demanding nature of the work (15.4%), poor patient behaviour (12.8%) etc. (Table 4). The respondents advanced the following factors as their main motivation for them to work on PLHIV: care of nurses and midwives (27%), counseling (23.5%), more training (13.8%) etc. (Table 4). One hundred and eighty (78.3%) reported to have read extra literature on HIV/AIDS. Overall. A majority of the respondents 156 (68.7%) had positive attitude towards PLHIV meanwhile 71 (31.3%) had a negative attitude. Good knowledge was the only independent predictor (p = 0.004) of positive attitude towards PLHIV adjusting for gender, age, level of study, specialisation and institution (Table 5).

cOR: crude odd ratio; aOR: adjusted odd ratio, HIAMS: Higher Institute of Applied Medical Sciences, SRNS: State Registered Nursing School.

3.5. Practice towards Care of PLHIV

A majority 217 (95.6%) of the respondents had been an intern in a medical facility that receives PLHIV. The student interns were involved in various activities: administer drugs (28.3%), care of PLHIV (17.8%), and counseling (22.6%). Among the respondents, only 56 (25.7%) had used the WHO guidelines for classifying HIV/AIDS patients. The respondents who had been interns in a medical facility were asked to rate their confidence level of some HIV/AIDS healthcare delivery practices on a 5-point likert scale with “Not at all” and “Very High” as anchor (Table 6). Almost half of the respondents were not comfortable with changing the patients’ medication (49.3%) or the patients’ dose (48.5%). On the contrary, the confidence of the majority of respondents in counselling PLHIV was high (30.4%) to very high (31.3%). Furthermore, the majority of respondents were very cautious not to get infected when taking care of HIV/AIDS patients. The majority of respondents perceived medium (28.2%) to high (29.1%) level of stigmatization of PLHIV by health workers. Overall the level of confidence of the respondents on care of PLHIV was moderate.

4. Discussion

Nursing and midwifery students during their training program are expected to acquire knowledge, skills, and experience during classroom instruction and clinical practice. When students lack knowledge, they easily demonstrate fear, stigmatization and unwillingness to care for PLHIV which is very harmful to their practice as they are expected to resume their nursing role as primary care providers [8] . Overall the HIV/AIDS knowledge of the respondents in this study was moderate. The finding of moderate level of HIV/AIDS knowledge in this study is in line with studies performed elsewhere [18] [19] . The level of HIV/ AIDS knowledge in this study is however lower compared to that of nursing students in Japan [20] and India [21] in which HIV/AIDS knowledge was observed to be very high. Japan and India are more advance in science and technology compared to Cameroon and this may have accounted for the differences observed. The non-availability of a comprehensive training curriculum on health facility, home and community based care and management of HIV and AIDS in nursing schools in Cameroon may also be a factor accounting for the lower level

of HIV/AIDS knowledge in the current study. Furthermore, respondents scored their HIV/AIDS knowledge as “Medium” to “High” with only a few scoring “Very high” on a 5-point Likert scale, findings similar to a study performed in China [22] . Knowledge on HIV/AIDS in the current study was not observed to be associated with the age of the respondents, the institution, the level of study, gender or the specialisation of the student.

The positive attitude towards PLHIV, the misconception, prejudice about PLHIV and stigmatization, and opinions on a possible cure of HIV infection are similar to studies performed elsewhere [18] [21] . HIV/AIDS is one of the most common stigmatized health condition in every part of the world especially in resource poor nation where the patients usually present late to the hospital with full blown disease [23] . Nfusi and Steyn [24] posit that stigmatization of any form is the greatest setback for HIV/AIDS treatment and control. Medical students who are supposed to prevent stigmatization of all forms are equally a part of it. This actually defeats all control efforts. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents perceived medium to high level of stigmatization of PLHIV by healthcare providers in this study. Fear of HIV infection was the major reason advanced by the respondents for not willing to work on PLHIV. These findings are similar to studies performed elsewhere [25] [26] . Motivation factors to work on PLHIV included training on HIV counseling, training on management of PLHIV, further training, adequate equipment, and higher wages as indicated by a few respondents. While higher wages should not be a motivation factor, it is also a genuine concern because health workers in many countries especially in the tropics (where state budget for healthcare are usually small) are not well paid and this affects productivity. Bataganya et al. [27] argue that any good healthcare provider should render his/her services as the job demands, not because of increase salaries. The observation that only a few of the respondents supported that PLHIV should be isolated, is similar to that reported by Onasonga et al. [26] , but contrary to the study by Abolfotouh et al. [18] in which a majority of the respondents were observed to favour isolation of PLHIV. The fact that only a few respondents in the current study were in favour of isolation of PLHIV is commendable and such mentality sure improves efforts to curb stigmatization. The majority of the respondents were optimistic about the cure of HIV in the current study. While these respondents are optimistic about the cure for HIV/ AIDS, the disease will still be life threatening for a long time [26] [28] . In our study, good HIV/AIDS knowledge was observed to be the only predictor of positive attitude towards PLHIV, which corroborate the study performed by Maswanya et al. [20] . However, the results contradict the study by Abolfotouh et al. [18] in which no association was observed between knowledge and attitude towards PLHIV. These discrepancies could be attributed to the differences in the study design: our study targeted nursing and midwifery students who have never had any form of graduate study (secondary school graduates) meanwhile that of Abolfotouh et al. [18] targeted both secondary school graduates and holders of a Bachelor of Science degree. However HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitude among secondary school graduates in the study by Abolfotouh et al. [18] was similar to ours. Our findings suggest that a more appropriate education on HIV will be needed to improve on the attitude of nursing and midwifery students towards PLHIV in the study area.

In the current study, a vast majority of the respondents had once been intern in a medical facility that receives PLHIV. Among them, only about a quarter had used the WHO guidelines for classifying HIV/AIDS patients. Perhaps this explains why most of the respondents did not know the correct meaning of HIV/AIDS. This could also be the reason why most of them had some wrong opinion about some knowledge and attitude about PLHIV. Almost half of the respondents were uncomfortable in changing the treatment or dose of patients meanwhile a vast majority of them were confident in counseling PLHIV. This could be attributed to the lack of adequate knowledge on HIV among the respondents. Durkin [8] posit that when students lack knowledge, they easily demonstrate fear, stigmatization and unwillingness to care for patients with HIV/AIDS, which is very harmful to their practice. The observation that a majority of the respondents had read extra literature on HIV/AIDS in this study is indicative that the students were willing to know much more than their current curriculum could offer. This therefore underscore the need to revise the study curricula of nursing and midwifery institutions in Fako to address this health care issue. Education remains the most important tool in the absence of a cure for HIV/AIDS and remains the most effective means for combating the enormously dreadful disease. Hence emphasis should be laid on HIV education at all levels on the basis of the fact that it is preventable, manageable and controllable, all of which can be realized through education [29] .

5. Conclusion

The current study demonstrates that nursing and midwifery students have moderate knowledge on HIV/AIDS. There are however considerable misconception and negative attitude towards PLHIV including stigmatization, unwillingness to work on PLHIV, unwillingness to share the same room with someone infected with HIV, and isolation of PLHIV. Good knowledge on HIV/AIDS was observed to be the only predictor of positive attitude towards PLHIV. The overall level of confidence towards care of PLHIV among nursing and midwifery students in Fako was moderate at best. This highlights the need of a more appropriate education of these students to reduce the discrepancies between general knowledge, desirable attitude and care of PLHIV in Fako division of Cameroon.

6. Limitation

Although the current study have revealed the gaps that exists in the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding care of PLHIV among nursing and midwifery students in Fako, it is however limited in that it is confined only to nursing and midwifery institutions in Fako division of the South West region. Furthermore, a majority of the students are from the English speaking regions of Cameroon (i.e. the North West and the South West). These findings may not be generalizable to the entire population of nursing and midwifery students in Cameroon. Larger studies designed to include students from nursing and midwifery institutions in the other regions of Cameroon will therefore be required to shed more light.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the administration of the different government accredited training institutions for allowing us to use their students. The authors are also thankful to the nursing and midwifery students who voluntarily took part in this study.

Authors’ Contributions

D.M.W.I. conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination, data collection, conducted literature search and review, and wrote the first draft. P.F.N. conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination, critically revise the manuscript. E.Y. participated in the design of the study, data collection, and critically revise the manuscript. E.T.K. participated in the statistical analysis, conducted literature search and review, and wrote the first draft. E.K.T. participated in the design and coordination of the study, conducted the literature search and review, and critically revise the manuscript. D.T.A. participated in data collection, statistical analysis, and critically revise the manuscript. K.E.D. participated in the design and coordination of the study, conducted the literature search and critically revise the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Cite this paper

Iwoi, D.M.W., Nde, P.F., Yuh, E., Kwenti, E.T., Tshimwanga, E.K., Achiri, D.T. and Djunda, K.E. (2017) Assessment of the Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice with Regard to Care of People Living with HIV/AIDS among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Fako, Cameroon. World Journal of AIDS, 7, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.4236/wja.2017.71001

References

List of Abbreviations

PLHIV: People living with HIV/AIDS

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

cOR: crude odd ratio

aOR: adjusted odd ratio

HIAMS: Higher Institute of Applied Medical Sciences

SRNS: State Registered Nursing School